Agro Productividad es una publicación mensual del Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas. Fue fundada en 2008 con el objetivo de difundir resultados en artículos científicos originales, así como notas científicas, revisiones temáticas, relacionados con la agricultura (cultivos, silvicultura, ganadería, pesca y acuicultura, y agroindustria) y la producción de agroalimentos. También aborda temáticas sobre procesos económicos, sociales y ambientales que impactan la productividad agrícola y el desarrollo rural. Todas las contribuciones recibidas son sometidas a un proceso de arbitraje doble ciego y edición final. La revista se publica en español y en inglés. Se encuentra indexada a diferentes indicadores nacionales e internacionales resaltando CONACYT (Competencia Internacional), EBSCO, CENGAGE LEARNING, INC., Google Académico además de Zoological Records en Master Journal List de Clarivate Analitycs (antes ISI), PERIODICA-Biblat, CABI y CAB Abstracts, Latindex (Directorio y Catálogo), REDIB, SIBDI, MIAR, DIMENSIONS, CORE, Scilit, AgEconSEARCH , WordCat , BASE, EBSCOhost (Fuente académica Plus) AURA, Electronic Journals Library (EZB), Refseek, OpenAire, ZEITSCHRIFT DATENBANK y recientemente Jisc y scite.
Cost of producing a replacement heifer in family dairy system
Objective: To estimate the production cost of a replacement heifer in the family dairy system of the Los Altos Region of Jalisco, Mexico, providing economic evidence to support ranchers’ decision-making in the region. Design/methodology/approach: Information was obtained from three dairy farmers in the family farming system located in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, from May 2019 to May 2022, through the design and implementation of monthly tracking forms for technical and economic information. The unit of analysis was the heifer, with information obtained from 297 animals. These data were integrated into a database to analyze the activities and technologies implemented in the zootechnical areas and to estimate the unit cost of production of a heifer (CUPV). The CUPV was calculated by summing the quantity of each input used multiplied by its respective price in each production unit and dividing the result by the number of heifers produced. Results: Eleven of the 17 activities and technologies analyzed were implemented by all three production units during the study period. None of the units had calving facilities or hired staff exclusively dedicated to calf care. The only activity that improved during the study period was the implementation of the progressive weaning method. The average CUPV was $37,789, with feed representing 96%, labor 1.4%, reproduction-related costs 1.3%, and health-related costs 0.6%. Limitations on study/implications: Estimating the CUPV is essential to support milk producers’ decision-making in generating their own replacement heifers. Findings/conclusions: Producing a replacement heifer costs on average $37,789.00 from month 0 to first calving, with more than 90% of the total cost allocated to feed.
Livestock economics, bovine milk, technology.
Derechos de autor 2026 Agro Productividad
Reduction in the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea in multibreed kids supplemented with Bacillus subtilis PB6 in Northern Mexico
Objective: To evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation (Bacillus subtilis PB6) on weight gain, as well as the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea and pneumonia in multibreed kids in northern Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted in Ejido Corona, Municipality of Matamoros, Coahuila (northern Mexico). The experiment lasted 25 days in October 2022. Ninety-nine kids were randomly assigned to two homogeneous groups based on body weight (BW; 3.7 ± 0.2 kg). The control group (CG; n = 50) received 5 mL of milk per kid per day. The treated group (TG; n = 49) received 5 mL of milk per kid per day supplemented with 1 g/kg BW of Bacillus subtilis PB6. Administration was performed daily at 12:00 p.m. The probiotic dose was adjusted every five days, coinciding with body weight measurements. Results: No significant difference was observed in final BW (p > .05; 7.7 ± 0.1 kg vs. 7.4 ± 0.2 kg for TG and CG, respectively). A significant difference was found in diarrhea incidence (p < .05; 28% vs. 50% for TG and CG, respectively), as well as in diarrhea recurrence (p < .05; 29% vs. 48% for TG and CG, respectively). These findings indicate that supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 reduced the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea and may have contributed to the prevention of pneumonia. Limitations/Implications: A longer supplementation period may be required to observe significant effects on body weight in kids. Findings/Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 improved health outcomes by reducing diarrheal incidence and recurrence in multibreed kids raised under semi-arid conditions in northern Mexico.
goats; intestinal health; probiotics; weight gain; diarrhea
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biopesticide: A meta-analysis
Objective: To perform a meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent against agricultural pests. Methodology: A bibliographic search was conducted using the Embase and PubMed databases, applying the terms Beauveria bassiana, entomopathogenic fungi, crop, plant, and mortality, connected by the operator “AND.” The search encompassed studies published from 2019 to 2024. The analysis focused primarily on reported mortality rates, crop species treated, conidial concentrations, and targeted pest species. Results: The most frequently applied conidial concentration was 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL. Mortality rates ranging from 25% to 75% were the most commonly reported, particularly in trials targeting Hemipteran pests, where favorable outcomes were consistently observed. Limitations: There was notable variability across studies in terms of fungal concentration, crop type, application technique, and reproducibility of laboratory results, which may affect the generalizability of findings. Conclusions: The use of Beauveria bassiana is recommended for the control of Hemipteran pests, given the consistently high mortality rates reported. Additionally, its potential as a biocontrol agent for mites is proposed, although further evidence is required to support this application. Conidial concentrations of 1 × 10⁷ and 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL are suggested, preferably utilizing locally adapted Beauveria bassiana strains.
Biopesticide, entomopathogenic fungus, biological control, agriculture
Earliness and productive efficiency in tropical black bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under terminal drought
Objective: To determine the effect of earliness on grain yield of tropical black bean genotypes under terminal drought and to select those with lower susceptibility and higher productive efficiency than the cultivar Negro Jamapa. Design/methodology/approach: Fifteen genotypes were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications in two trials: one under full irrigation and another in which irrigation was suspended at the onset of flowering. Days to physiological maturity and grain yield were quantified. Analyses of variance were performed for each moisture regime, means were compared using the Least Significant Difference test (α = 0.05), and correlation analysis was conducted. Drought response was evaluated using the drought susceptibility index (DSI) and the relative efficiency index (REI). Results: Verdín was the earliest genotype, reaching maturity at 72.3 and 68.0 days under full irrigation and drought stress, respectively. Papaloapan/SEN 46-7-10, CIAT-103-25, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4, Papaloapan/SEN 46-2-6, and Rubí exhibited the lowest susceptibility to terminal drought (DSI < 0.90), whereas Verdín, CIAT-103-25, and Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4 showed the highest productive efficiency (REI > 1.28), surpassing Negro Jamapa. Grain yield was negatively correlated with days to maturity under both full irrigation (r = −0.719**) and drought stress (r = −0.557*). Study Limitations/Implications: The selected genotypes constitute elite breeding materials; multi-environment evaluation is recommended. Findings/conclusions: Earliness, as a drought escape mechanism, contributed significantly to productive efficiency under both moisture regimes. Five genotypes with the lowest susceptibility to terminal drought were selected, of which CIAT-103-25, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4, and Verdín exhibited higher productive efficiency than Negro Jamapa.
Phaseolus vulgaris L., drought resistance, drought escape, grain yield, tropical agriculture
Productivity of maize genotypes in acid soils of southern Veracruz with and without dolomite
Objective: To determine the effect of soil acidity on the growth and yield of maize genotypes (Zea mays L.) under rainfed production conditions, and identify those with greater productive efficiency with and without the application of dolomitic lime. Design/methodology/approach: Twelve maize genotypes were evaluated in an acidic soil using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two trials were established: one with dolomitic lime application and one without liming. Plant height, main ear insertion height, and grain yield were recorded. Data were analyzed through individual analyses of variance, mean comparison tests (LSD, α = 0.05), and correlation analysis. Productive efficiency under limed and non-limed conditions was estimated using the geometric mean index and the relative efficiency index . Results: Soil acidity reduced plant height by an average of 7.8%, ear height by 14.4%, and grain yield by 32.9%. SINT 1A and SINT 2B × V540 showed the best adaptation under acidic soil conditions. These same genotypes also exhibited the highest and values, indicating the greatest productive efficiency both with and without dolomitic lime application. Under limed soil conditions, V537C × V540 was the most productive genotype, followed by SINT 2B × V540 with acceptable grain yield. Limitations on study/implications: The evaluation of genotypes was conducted under conditions of soil acidity combined with drought stress, which allowed the identification of genotypes with greater productive efficiency under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions. Multi-environment evaluations and additional cropping cycles are recommended to confirm yield stability. Findings/conclusions: Soil acidity strongly affected plant architecture and productivity; however, liming improved plant growth and grain yield. SINT 3B × V-540 stood out for its stability and yield, making it a promising option for acidic soils in the Mexican tropics.
Zea mays L., liming, yield stability, acid tolerance, genotype × environment interaction.
Molecular detection of Chlamydia sp. in small ruminants from the central region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico
Objective: To identify the presence of Chlamydia sp. in the municipality of Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico Design/methodology/approach: A total of 60 animals from five dairy goat farms were included, comprising 57 females and three males of varying ages and breed phenotypes. Samples were obtained via vaginal and preputial swabs and placed in sterile conical tubes. Endpoint PCR was performed for the detection of the ompA VD2 gene with an amplification of 576 bp. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test for prevalence and a 2x2 contingency table for the analysis of risk factors. Results: An overall prevalence of 5.0% was obtained from the samples collected, with three females (5.26%) aged 48 months-old (6.1%), and 36 months (12.5%) months-old. A 6.8% of positive samples belonged to the alpine and saanen breed phenotypes; however, no risk factor attributable to the variables found was identified (p>0.05). Limitations on study/implications: The study has a small sample size and reduced UPP, which may limit the representativeness of the results, which may underestimate the true prevalence of the agent. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Chlamydia sp. in goats in the central region of the state of Veracruz has been confirmed, highlighting the usefulness of PCR as a diagnostic tool. These results underscore the need to expand health surveillance and strengthen prevention measures in goat production systems.
Goats, molecular diagnostics, prevalence, zoonoses
Plant selection using a sequential decision algorithm based on an ideotype
Objective: Develop a sequential decision algorithm to select plants in populations without repetitions based on an ideotype, using a logical process that employs everything from spreadsheets to programming languages. Design/methodology/approach: A sequential algorithm based on conditional logic is proposed that implements a multi-criteria filtering process. The algorithm can be implemented on different numerical analysis platforms as it is based on a sequential logical decision process. To validate its application, a selection was made from a population of 60 coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) of the Sarchimor T5296 variety, using Excel as the platform and the AND function due to its accessibility. Results: Nine plants were selected that exhibited the desired characteristics of yield, plant height, canopy diameter, bienniality (I), and resistance to orange leaf rust, demonstrating the algorithmic selection capability. Limitations on study/implications: The method has limitations inherent to its binary sequential design: (1) it does not differentially weight the importance of criteria, (2) it does not consider negative correlations between characters in simultaneous selection, and (3) it depends on thresholds defined a priori. Findings/conclusions: The algorithm made it possible to select plants with behavior similar to or superior to the ideotype in contexts where conventional statistical methods are not applicable because they require replicated experimental designs.
Plant breeding, Numerical method, Sequential logic, Phenotypic traits.
Evaluation of factors affecting milk production and composition in dual-purpose systems
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the genetic and environmental effects on milk production and composition in dual-purpose cows in the Veracruz tropics. Methodology: A population of 79 cows grouped by crossbreeds in different proportions of Zebu*Holstein (17), Zebu*Swiss (50), and Zebu*Holstein*Swiss (12) was used. Milk samples were collected at 28-day intervals and analyzed using infrared (IR) spectrophotometry (MilkoScan FT-120, A/S FOSS Electric®). Adjusted means were estimated using PROC GLM from SAS®. The fixed effects included in the model were: genotype, herd, season, lactation number, year, and cow identification. The response variables were: lactation duration (days), production (kg), fat, protein, and lactose (%). Results: The duration of lactation averaged 307 ± 71.95 days, with total production of 1,240 ± 468.19 kg. The values for protein, fat, and lactose were 3.18 ± 0.41, 3.49 ± 0.82, and 4.42 ± 0.47, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for the effects of year, calving season, and number of calvings on lactation duration (319 ± 6.6 days) during the dry season and total milk production per lactation during the same season (1,239 ± 40.6 kg) by number of calvings. The longest lactation duration was reported in primiparous cows (345 ± 7.5 days). The effect of sampling season on milk composition was significant (p < 0.05) in the rainy season for protein (3.4 ± 0.03 %) and fat (3.8 ± 0.08%). Study limitations: This study is limited to a dual-purpose production system with crossbred cattle of different racial composition, under the management and environmental conditions of the participating herds. Conclusions: The results indicate that milk production and composition are influenced by environmental factors and by differences between the groups evaluated.
lactation, fat, protein, genetic, environmental.
Bovine respiratory disease and its effects on productive performance indicators and carcass yield
Objective: To evaluate the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on productive performance indicators and hot carcass yield in feedlot cattle raised under intensive tropical production conditions. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 1,378 cattle were classified into three groups: animals without clinical signs of BRD, animals with one clinical event, and animals with two events during the fattening period. An ANCOVA model was applied using arrival weight as a covariate, followed by Fisher’s LSD test for multiple comparisons. Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of presenting BRD as a function of hot carcass yield (%). Results: Cattle experiencing one or two BRD episodes showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in average daily feed intake, daily weight gain, total weight gain, final live weight, and feed efficiency. Hot carcass weight and carcass yield also declined progressively as the number of BRD episodes increased. Logistic regression revealed a negative association between carcass yield and the probability of BRD occurrence, with stronger effects observed in cattle that experienced two clinical events. Limitations on study/implications: The study was conducted in a single feedlot operation, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Further research in different production systems and climatic regions is recommended to strengthen external validity. Findings/conclusions: BRD exerts a clear and cumulative negative impact on cattle growth performance and carcass yield. These findings highlight the need for strengthened preventive health programs, early diagnostic tools, and improved management practices to mitigate the effects of BRD in tropical feedlot systems.
feedlot cattle; BRD; carcass yield; productive performance; logistic regres-sion.
Perception and attitude on water governance: design of indicators for Irrigation Districts in Mexico
Objective: to define the selection criteria for the design and validation of a methodological tool that operationalizes the water governance concept across the perception and attitude of stakeholders for efficient water management in Irrigation Districts. Design/methodology/approach: a questionnaire was designed and validated to assess perception and attitude variables in water governance, structuring the methodology in four phases. Initially, a contextualized conceptual framework was constructed to define a system of indicators with theoretical rigour. Subsequently, the psychometric operationalization of the variables into measurable items was carried out. A priori validation was performed using the Delphi technique, with a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Finally, a posteriori validation will empirically contrast the results to consolidate a robust diagnostic tool for longitudinal application. Limitations/implications: the subjective nature of the constructs measured (perception and attitude), whose validity may be compromised in relation to observable behaviors. Nevertheless, the instrument is a reliable methodological tool for the empirical diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of water governance. Findings/conclusions: a methodological tool was developed that operationalizes intangible constructs of perception and attitude into quantifiable indicators for water governance. Validated using the Delphi method, it allows critical indicators such as institutional trust and perceived equity to be measured. This tool is a strategic resource for longitudinal diagnoses and the design of interventions towards more transparent and efficient water management.
water management, methodological framework, irrigation water, commu-nity participation, socio-ecological systems.
Biol, nitrogen fertilization, and topological arrangement effects on the yield and composition of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum spp.) grown under subhumid conditions in Veracruz,
Objective: To evaluate the effect of planting arrangements and different fertilization treatments on biomass production and composition of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum spp.) grown under subhumid conditions in Veracruz, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete block design with split plots was used. Planting density (40, 60, and 80 cm) was the main factor. Three biol formulas and two doses of urea fertilization (50 and 100 kg ha-1) were the secondary factor. The following variables were measured: plant height, biomass yield, and leaf and stem weight. Data were analyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: The 40-cm planting arrangement and Biol 1 (manure + water) treatment combination reached the highest biomass yield (123.11 t ha-1) and plant height (2.44 m). Denser planting improved biomass production, while chemical fertilization increased leaf ratio. The interaction between planting arrangement and fertilization only had a significant impact on stem weight. Study Limitations/Implications: The study was conducted under specific climatic conditions, which limited the generalizability of the results. Further research is recommended to assess long-term economic viability and sustainability. Findings/Conclusions: High planting density combined with organic fertilization optimizes biomass yield and the efficient use of resources. Biols are a sustainable alternative that enhances forage productivity and soil health.
Maralfalfa grass, organic fertilization, planting density, biomass, sustainable agriculture
Evaluation of Grass Weed Control in Sugarcane Using Phosphite Applied as Phosphorous Acid
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Phi application on the control of a grass weed population composed predominantly of stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis and C. plectostachyus) and native grasses (Axonopus spp., Cynodon spp., and Paspalum spp.) in sugarcane cultivation. Design/methodology/approach: Three 2 × 2 m plots were established to evaluate foliar spraying with 0, 400, and 800 mM Phi. The trial was conducted in a one-year-old ratoon sugarcane field. Toxicity level, damaged leaf area, and percentage of weed population controlled were assessed through image analysis using ImageJ software. Additionally, antioxidant activity and total chlorophyll concentration in leaf tissue were measured. Data were processed using RStudio version 1.2.5033 (analysis of variance and Tukey’s test). Results: Phi exhibited moderate toxicity at 400 mM and high toxicity at 800 mM. The predominant undesired vegetation included stargrass species (Cynodon nlemfuensis and C. plectostachyus) and native grasses of the genera Axonopus, Cynodon, and Paspalum. Despite clear foliar damage at both Phi concentrations, most weeds recovered within two to three weeks after application, indicating an efficient physiological strategy to counteract Phi-induced stress. This represents a challenge for the use of Phi as an herbicidal agent. Damaged leaf area reached 20.38 % at 400 mM and nearly 51 % at 800 mM Phi. Antioxidant activity increased with higher Phi concentrations, whereas total chlorophyll content declined as Phi dosage increased. Limitations on study/implications: This study focused solely on the effects of phosphorous acid-derived Phi on grass weeds in one-year-old sugarcane. Further research is needed to assess its impact throughout the crop cycle and on a broader range of grass weed species. Findings/conclusions: Foliar applications of 400 and 800 mM Phi caused moderate and severe phytotoxic effects, respectively, but were not sufficient to effectively control Poaceae weed populations in sugarcane.
Weeds, undesired vegetation, sugarcane agroecosystems, phosphite, al-ternative herbicides.
Physicochemical evaluation of the meat of the American Bullfrog (Lithobates Catesbeianus)
Objective: To determine the physicochemical characteristics of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) meat. Design/methodology/approach: Fifteen samples of bullfrog legs and fifteen samples of chicken meat were used. Subsequently, 50% of the meat was cooked in a water bath. Results: Bullfrog meat had less protein and more fat (P<0.05) than chicken meat. The percentage of moisture and collagen was higher in bullfrog meat (P<0.05). The L*, a*, and b* values ​​showed significant differences, with greater luminosity in cooked bullfrog meat, while a* showed a variation of 2.36 units in raw vs. cooked meat. b* was higher in cooked meat (P<0.05) compared to raw meat. The parameters water activity, water-holding capacity, and pH showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the two treatments analyzed. Limitations/Implications of the study: The number of bullfrog samples was limited due to their cost and producers' distrust of institutional and governmental organizations. Findings and Conclusion: Bullfrog meat is lean. The meat presented water activity values ​​below the established limit for meat. This species is a viable alternative in the food sector.
Meat, Bullfrog, raw meat, cooked meat, evaluation, physicochemical
CRY PROTEINS FROM Bacillus thuringiensis: FROM NATURAL INSECTICIDE TO BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOL FOR AGRICULTURAL PEST CONTROL
Objective: The Cry protein family from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exhibits biocidal activity against various insect orders, with Lepidoptera being among their primary targets. These insects often evolve into major agricultural pests, leading to significant crop losses. Consequently, research efforts have focused on the identification and cloning of the genes encoding these proteins, as well as elucidating their mechanism of action. Design/Methodology/Approach: Methods for the identification, isolation, and purification of Cry proteins, along with the current state of the art, were explored, described, and discussed by reviewing relevant literature using scientific databases for bibliographic research. Results: Cry proteins constitute a diverse group of molecules with demostrated activity for combating agricultural insect pests, primarily Lepidoptera. These proteins and their corresponding genes have been widely studied and employed in the genetic transformation of several crop plant species. Limitations/Implications of the study: Although several models have been proposed to explain the mode of action of Cry proteins, molecular mechanism remain unresolved to fully understand their insecticidal activity. Findings/Conclusions: Bt encodes multiple groups of proteins with insecticidal activity, among which the Cry protein family is the most extensively studied. The identification of its first members, along with the elucidation of their three-dimensional structure, has been essential for proposing their mechanism of action. This has enabled the targeted control of several Lepidopteran pests in agriculture.
FUNCTIONALITY, STABILITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF NATURAL POLYPHENOLS IN FOOD MATRICES
Objective: To examine the presence, stability, and functionality of natural polyphenols in commercial food matrices. The effects of industrial processing and the emerging technological benefits for their protection were also considered. Design/Methodology/Approach: A review of natural polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) was conducted. The oxidation mechanisms present in food matrices and the stability of the molecules during processing were described. Emerging technologies, such as encapsulation, for preserving the antioxidant functionality of natural polyphenols were analyzed. Results: Natural polyphenols are present in a variety of foods; their composition is linked to the type of food, the plant tissue, and the growing and post-harvest handling conditions. Fruits are notable for their phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. Vegetables are predominantly composed of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, cereals contain lignans and resorcinols, and beverages contain flavonols, catechins, and resveratrol. Food processing reduces the bioavailability and functionality of polyphenols through oxidation, heat, pH, and exposure to oxygen. Techniques combined with heat treatments, such as microwaves, ultrasound, and bioprocesses, particularly encapsulation, help preserve natural polyphenols and improve their stability and solubility. Limitations/Implications of the study: The loss of natural polyphenols during industrial processing reduces their antioxidant activity. Emerging technological alternatives applicable to the production of functional foods are needed. Findings/Conclusions: Natural polyphenols are molecules with varied bioactivity in different food matrices. Their stability depends on the food and the processing applied. Emerging technologies exist to preserve food functionality, including encapsulation, an effective strategy.
Natural polyphenols · functional stability · Food processing · encapsulation
From fermentation to function: The hidden antioxidants inside fermented milks
Objective: To perform a literature review on antioxidant compounds present in fermented milks, highlighting their potential role in mitigating oxidative stress. Design/methodology/approach: This review analyzes scientific literature addressing the antioxidant components of fermented milks, including native milk constituents, microbial metabolites, and bio-transformed compounds generated during fermentation. Results: Fermented milks contain a wide spectrum of antioxidant compounds arising from milk components, microbial metabolism, and LAB-mediated bio-transformations. These compounds collectively contribute to scavenging free radicals and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Limitations on study/implications: Further in vivo studies and clinical evidence are needed to substantiate health claims and clarify dose-response relationships. Findings/conclusions: The available evidence supports fermented milks as promising functional foods with substantial antioxidant potential. Their regular consumption may contribute to protection against oxidative stress-related damage and associated chronic degenerative diseases, positioning fermented milks as a potential first line of dietary defense.
Fermented milks; antioxidants; lactic acid bacteria; probiotics; oxidative stress; functional foods
Growth analysis of Amelichloa clandestina after intensive non-selective grazing with a high animal load
Objective: To determine the maximum dry matter production of Mexican needlegrass (Amelichloa clandestina) following an initial grazing with high stocking density and to provide recommendations for subsequent utilization. Design/Methodology/Approach: The growth rate (kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹), morphological components, leaf-to-stem ratio, and plant height of Mexican needlegrass (Amelichloa clandestina) were evaluated through monthly sampling over an 18-month period. A randomized block design with three replications was employed. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between regrowth months. The highest dry matter accumulation occurred in winter at 16 months, with a growth rate of 4.2 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹, a maximum plant height of 22 cm, and a leaf yield of 2.3 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. In contrast, spring showed greater productivity, with peak dry matter production recorded at 14 months (8.4 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹), reaching a maximum height of 43 cm at 18 months. The leaf-to-stem ratio in spring was 4.0, compared to 7.2 in winter. Limitations/Implications: The results may be affected by local environmental conditions specific to the region, which could limit generalization to other geographic areas. Findings/Conclusions: A second grazing can be scheduled fewer than six months after the initial regrowth of Amelichloa clandestina in southeastern Coahuila, Mexico, especially when grazed under high stocking density in early spring. This is due to the higher growth rate observed in spring compared to winter.
Amelichloa clandestina, Mexican needlegrass, growth rate, intensive non-selective grazing, morphological composition.
Seasonal regrowth capacity of an Amelichloa clandestina (Hack.) Arriaga & Barkworth grassland in northeastern Mexico
Objective: To evaluate yield components and seasonal biomass accumulation of Mexican needlegrass (Amelichloa clandestina) at different days after regrowth (DAR) under the environmental conditions of northeastern Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized block design with three replicates was employed, considering days after regrowth within each season as the main study factor. The variables evaluated included dry matter yield (DMY), morphological components (MC), plant height (PH), and light interception (LI). Results: Maximum DMY was recorded between 75 and 90 DAR during autumn, reaching 546.1 kg DM ha⁻¹ (p ≤ 0.05), with a significant leaf contribution of 382.2 kg DM ha⁻¹. The greatest plant height (47.3 cm) was also observed in autumn at 90 DAR (p ≤ 0.05), accompanied by 42% light interception. A strong positive correlation was identified between DMY and plant height (R² = 0.83). Limitations/Implications: This study was conducted under the specific climatic conditions of northeastern Coahuila, Mexico. Therefore, the applicability of the results may vary under different environmental contexts. Findings/Conclusions: Amelichloa clandestina exhibited its greatest regrowth potential in autumn, as evidenced by increases in dry matter yield and plant height, along with a positive correlation with days after regrowth, outperforming the other seasons evaluated.
Amelichloa clandestina, dry matter yield, plant height, morphological composition, light interception.
In Vitro Semi-Solid Fermentation of Two Prickly Pear (Opuntia sp.) Cultivars as Food Supplement for Ruminants
Objective: To increase the protein content of two commercial prickly pear cultivars, fermenting and adding some components, in order to complement the diet of ruminants in areas whose conditions impose limitations upon agriculture. Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete bock design and a factorial treatment arrangement were used to test two prickly pears cultivars (Cristalino (Opuntia albicarpa) and Rojo Pelón (Opuntia ficus-indica)), two particle sizes (chopped and blended), and two non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources and their combination (1 % urea, 0.1 % ammonium sulfate, and urea + ammonium sulfate). The substrates were fermented for 9 h. One percent yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.25 % Saccharum spp. treacle were added to the substrates. Results: The levels of the tested factors recorded significant differences (p<0.05). The “Cristalino” cv, the “blended” particle size, and the “urea plus ammonium sulfate” NPN had the highest protein content (CP): 29.9 %, 33.5 %, and 37.7 %, respectively. The treatment with the highest CP (46.1 %) used the Cristalino cv, blended particles, and urea plus ammonium sulfate. Study Limitations/Implications: The study faced no limitations. Findings/Conclusions: Fermenting prickly pears is a nutritious option to feed ruminants.
Prickly pear; fermentation; forage supplement; crude protein.
Arbuscular fungi: key organisms for the symbiotic association in the genera Agave L. and Opuntia (L) Mill
Objective: Conduct a review of scientific literature with the aim of synthesizing current knowledge on the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Opuntia and Agave species to propose their use in the Complementary Agriculture (AgriCom) model, strengthening semi-desert production systems. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review (2013-2025) was conducted in databases (using keywords in English and Spanish) of studies that mentioned the role of AMF in Opuntia spp. and Agave spp. Results: The review shows that symbiosis with AMF significantly improves biomass (increases of 35%-60% in Opuntia, 30-55% in Agave), nutrient uptake (especially phosphorus, by 40%-70%), and drought tolerance in both genera. AMF increase water absorption in plant tissues, reduce oxidative stress, and promote more extensive root systems. Native AMF strains often showed superior benefits compared to commercial strains. Limitations on study/implications: Most studies on Agavaceae were conducted under greenhouse conditions; therefore, further comparative field studies are required. Findings/conclusions: Scientific evidence confirms that symbiosis with AMF is a key strategy for improving the productivity and resilience of Opuntia and Agave in adverse conditions. The use of AMF in the AgriCom model can increase crop growth.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Opuntia, Agave, water stress, AgriCom
Comparative quality analysis of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) genotypes in Baja California
Objective: To analyze the quality of genotypes habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) produced in Baja California. Methodology: Experimental materials and a commercial control were evaluated in two locations. The results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with ten treatments and four replications, following the methodology described by Steel and Torrie (1980). Due to its high content of capsaicinoids accumulated in the fruit, the habanero pepper is a vegetable of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. It has been observed that capsaicin concentration may vary due to environmental effects, water and nutritional stress, low temperatures, lack of radiation, and low relative humidity. Result: The habanero pepper represents a symbol and example of pungency. In this study, the concentration of capsaicin (Ccap), °Brix, and shelf life (SL) after harvest were determined and compared among habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) genotypes grown under greenhouse, open-field, and shade-net conditions in Baja California. Conclusions: There are significant differences among the evaluated genotypes for each variable; however, these genotypes are promising candidates for further selection with commercial purposes.
Capsicum chinense, Calidad, Invernadero, Genotipos.
Effects of filter cake application on soil chemical properties in sugarcane agroecosystems
Objective: To evaluate the effects of filter cake application on the chemical properties of a Fluvisol under a sugarcane agroecosystem. Design/methodology/approach: A targeted soil survey was conducted at a surface depth of 0-30 cm in a Fluvisol cultivated with the sugarcane variety CP 72-2086, in order to identify areas with and without filter cake irregularly distributed at different depths and soil compartments. The soil chemical properties evaluated included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), the C/N ratio, and available phosphorus (P). Results: The incorporation of filter cake after eight years in a sugarcane-cultivated Fluvisol resulted in statistically significant differences in pH, organic carbon, and organic matter. In addition, filter cake application promoted low to medium levels of available phosphorus, mainly in the rhizosphere and in two filter cake thickness treatments. Limitations on study/implications: The chemical composition of filter cake varies according to sugar mill processing conditions, clarification reagents, storage practices, and composting procedures, which may lead to variability in the results reported across studies. Findings/conclusions: The results indicate that filter cake positively influences key soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, organic carbon, and available phosphorus, particularly in the rhizosphere, thereby enhancing the long-term sustainability of sugarcane soils.
Saccharum spp., sustainability, soil amendment, soil fertility, agricultural residues
Foliar biofortification with iron, zinc and copper in maize under rainfed climatic conditions and its nutritional quality
Objective: To evaluate nutrient absorption and forage quality in corn microsilos (Zea mays L.) cultivated under rainfed conditions and foliar biofortified with iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out at the Juan Rodríguez Clara Higher Technological Institute, located in the municipality of Juan Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz. Foliar applications of Zn, Cu, and Fe were administered throughout the crop's growth cycle. Bromatological parameters and mineral content were analyzed through correlation and interpretation in relation to climatic variables, specifically temperature and precipitation. Results: Moderate temperatures (22–23 °C) promoted Fe absorption (202 ppm); however, they also led to increases in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (59%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (33%), enhancing plant structural rigidity. Conversely, cumulative rainfall of 200 mm negatively impacted Zn (29 ppm) and Cu (19 ppm) uptake due to leaching and water stress, which subsequently reduced the organic matter content (%OM) in the microsilos to 88%. A positive correlation was identified between Fe concentration and structural fiber content, while a negative correlation was observed between protein levels and hemicellulose, indicating a potential metabolic imbalance. Study Limitations/Implications: Rainfall interfered with Zn and Cu absorption, underscoring the importance of aligning foliar fertilization strategies with prevailing weather conditions. Findings/conclusions: Fe biofortification influences plant structure; water stress limits the absorption of Zn and Cu. Foliar applications must be adjusted according to the climate to optimize the nutritional quality of the forage.
Maize, biofortification, microminerals, fibers.
Food fortification of pangola grass (Digitaría eriantha Steud) silage to increase its digestibility
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different urea concentrations (2%, 3%, and 5%) on the nutritional composition and digestibility of pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha Steud) silage. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted at the Instituto Tecnológico Superior, located in the municipality of Juan Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz. A completely randomized design with three repetitions was established. Pangola grass was harvested at 45 days of regrowth and three types of microsilos were prepared with 2%, 3%, and 5% urea, along with a control without treatment. After 30 days of fermentation, subsamples were taken from the microsilos to perform proximate and Van Soest analyses. Results: The use of microsilos treated with 5% urea increased crude protein (CP) content, significantly improved protein content, and reached the highest concentration level. Additionally, it reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Study Limitations/Implications: The risk of urea intoxication in animals was the main limitation resulting from the urea-treated microsilo technique. This risk is directly related to incorrect dosages and the distribution of urea in the silage. Findings/Conclusions: Adding urea to silage is a practical and cost-effective strategy to optimize livestock production in tropical regions, because it enhances the efficient use of forage resources and meets the nutritional needs of animals.
Silage, grass, urea, nutritional quality.
Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Fishmeal.
Objective: To evaluate the quality of fishmeal obtained from two fish species (trout and carp) through its physicochemical and microbiological characterization, and to verify its compliance with established regulatory standards and its potential use in animal feed. Design/methodology/approach: The fish samples consisted of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and carp (Cyprinus carpio communis L). The freshness of the raw material was determined, and it was processed to obtain a fishmeal-type product for subsequent physicochemical and microbiological assessment. Results: The trout and carp used as raw materials for fishmeal production scored 96 and 93.2 respectively, classifying them as top-quality fresh fish. Physicochemical analysis indicated that the moisture and protein content for trout fishmeal was 4.53% and 60.3%, respectively, while for carp fishmeal the moisture and protein content was 6.4% and 53%, respectively. In addition, the microbiological analysis indicated that Salmonella spp. and coliforms were not found in either fishmeal sample, and only low counts of aerobic mesophiles, fungi, and yeasts were present. Limitations on study/implications: According to the results obtained, the species of fish and processing conditions in the production of fishmeal influence the physicochemical and microbiological properties, which suggests consideration in future research. Findings/conclusions: The fishmeal obtained from trout and carp complied with the regulatory framework in terms of microbiological and physicochemical profile, with potential use in animal feed.
Fishmeal production, feed, carp, trout, microbiological quality.
Response of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes
Objective: To evaluate seven different saladette tomato genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The evaluation was conducted using a randomized block design with three replications. Yield and fruit characteristics were assessed. The data obtained were analyzed using Tukey’s mean comparison test (P ≤ 0.05) with the SAS statistical software. Results: The Elsa tomato hybrid exhibited a yield above the average recorded in Tamaulipas in recent years. Although the other genotypes showed lower yields, they exhibited fruit quality characteristics required for the fresh-market segment of this crop. Limitations on study/implications: — Findings/conclusions: The genotype recommended for the southern region of Tamaulipas is Elsa, as it achieved the highest yield and produced fruits of average size and weight.
Yield, fruit quality, Solanum lycopersicum
Population dynamics of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle under three grazing systems in the mexican humid tropics
Objective: (1) To determine the population dynamics of R. microplus ticks in cattle under three grazing systems in the humid tropics; (2) to compare the effect of the grazing system on R. microplus infestations in cattle; and (3) to correlate R. microplus infestations in each treatment with environmental variables. Methodology: The experiment was conducted from April 2023 to March 2024 in Tlapacoyan, Veracruz, Mexico. Thirty heifers (3/4 Brahman × 1/4 Holstein), aged 4–7 months, were used and allocated to three experimental groups (n = 10; grazing systems). The animals in groups 1 and 2 were managed under rotational grazing with 30 (SP30) and 45 days of rest (SP45), respectively, whereas those in group 3 were kept under a continuous grazing system (no rest) (SP00). Tick counts on the animals were performed every 14 days. Daily measurements of ambient temperature (TA), precipitation (PP), and relative humidity (RH) were recorded. Results: During the evaluation year, five peaks in R. microplus population dynamics were observed in the calves of groups SP30 and SP00, whereas only two peaks were recorded in the SP45 group. The tick population peaks in all three groups occurred mainly during the dry and rainy seasons. Animals in the SP45 group had the lowest infestation rates of R. microplus throughout the year (P < 0.0001). In contrast, animals in the SP30 group showed the highest infestations (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Grazing management and pasture rest periods in the humid tropics influence the population dynamics of R. microplus in cattle
Livestock, Rhipicephalus microplus, dynamic, pastures.
Use of eCG in progestogen based estrus sinchronization programs for hair ewes
Objective: To determine the importance of eCG use in the reproductive management of hair ewes subjected to progestagen based synchronization protocols. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 120 hair ewes (Blackbelly and Pelibuey) in the peak reproductive season were synchronized using intravaginal sponges containing 20 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA) and intramuscular equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; 200 or 300 IU). Treatments combined eCG dose and timing (200 IU/0 h, 200 IU/−24 h, 300 IU/0 h, and 300 IU/−24 h). Estrus occurrence, interval to estrus, follicular growth, ovulation rate, and number of corpora lutea were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC GLM and PROC MIXED in SAS. Results: The interaction between eCG dose and timing significantly affected (P < 0.05) estrus occurrence, interval to estrus, and ovulation rate. Regardless of dose and timing, eCG application resulted in an orderly follicular growth pattern similar to that of a natural estrous cycle. Limitations/implications: Crossbred animals were excluded to meet the study's inclusion criteria. Findings/conclusions: Incorporating eCG into progestagen based synchronization protocols enhances estrus expression, concentrates estrus onset within a short time frame, and increases ovulatory rate.
Virulence of three heterorhabditis isolates against the sugarcane weevil Sphenophorus incurrens Gyllenhal
Objective: To evaluate the effect of three Heterorhabditis nematode isolates obtained from different agroecosystems on adults of Sphenophorus incurrens, a phytosanitary problem in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivation. Design/Methodology/Approach: Adult weevils were collected from the field using bait traps and transported to the laboratory. To assess LC₅₀, LT₅₀, and the efficacy of these native nematodes, bioassays were conducted using doses of 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 5000 infective juveniles (IJs)/adult weevil in 12-well cell culture plates over a period of 10 days. Results: All three isolates exhibited pathogenicity against sugarcane weevils at all tested doses, except the control. The most virulent strain was Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (C-23), isolated from cattle-grazed soils, with an LC₅₀ of 2,626 IJs/weevil (P < 0.0001) and an LT₅₀ of 17.7 days (P < 0.0001). Limitations/Implications: This is the first known study evaluating EPNs against adult S. incurrens under laboratory conditions. Future studies should include field evaluations of these nematodes and their target pest. Findings/Conclusions: The observed variation in weevil mortality likely relates to the ecological niche, host interaction, and life history of each nematode isolate. These findings support the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes as a viable biological control option for managing S. incurrens in sugarcane cultivation.
Biological control, bioassays, Heterorhabditidae, pathogenicity, pest.
Guerrero 31, variety of white seed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Objective: To describe the sesame variety Sesamum indicum L. Guerrero 31 according to UPOV guidelines and to evaluate its performance across three environments in the South Pacific region of Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Guerrero 31 was developed via mass selection based on plant type and grain color. Its varietal description followed the UPOV Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) guidelines. Field trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected from five central row plants to record the number of capsules per plant, seed weight per plant, and grain yield (kg·ha⁻¹). A combined ANOVA, correlation analysis, and mean comparisons were performed (Tukey, p < 0.05). Results: Guerrero 31 is a monopodial sesame variety with high pubescence on stems, flowers, and capsules. It flowers at 60 days and matures at 110 days, reaching 160–200 cm in height, with white seeds. It demonstrates moderate tolerance to Cercospora spp., Phoma spp., and Diabrotica spp. Guerrero 31 outperformed three control varieties across environments, yielding 1,120 kg·ha⁻¹ an increase of 21.61%. Limitations/implications: To maintain genetic purity, Guerrero 31 should be planted at least 500 m away from other sesame varieties. Weed control, timely fertilization, and integrated pest management are essential during early development to achieve optimal yield. Findings/conclusions: Guerrero 31 is a new, high yielding sesame variety adapted to altitudes from 17 to 750 m. It is registered in the National Catalogue of Plant Varieties (CNVV) under number AJN-009-190924, with breeder title No. 3514.
Sesamum indicum L., open-pollinated sesame, white seed, high yield.