Agro Productividad es una publicación mensual del Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas. Fue fundada en 2008 con el objetivo de difundir resultados en artículos científicos originales, así como notas científicas, revisiones temáticas, relacionados con la agricultura (cultivos, silvicultura, ganadería, pesca y acuicultura, y agroindustria) y la producción de agroalimentos. También aborda temáticas sobre procesos económicos, sociales y ambientales que impactan la productividad agrícola y el desarrollo rural. Todas las contribuciones recibidas son sometidas a un proceso de arbitraje doble ciego y edición final. La revista se publica en español y en inglés. Se encuentra indexada a diferentes indicadores nacionales e internacionales resaltando CONACYT (Competencia Internacional), EBSCO, CENGAGE LEARNING, INC., Google Académico además de Zoological Records en Master Journal List de Clarivate Analitycs (antes ISI), PERIODICA-Biblat, CABI y CAB Abstracts, Latindex (Directorio y Catálogo), REDIB, SIBDI, MIAR, DIMENSIONS, CORE, Scilit, AgEconSEARCH , WordCat , BASE, EBSCOhost (Fuente académica Plus) AURA, Electronic Journals Library (EZB), Refseek, OpenAire, ZEITSCHRIFT DATENBANK y recientemente Jisc y scite.
Comparative quality analysis of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) genotypes in Baja California
Objective: To analyze the quality of genotypes habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) produced in Baja California. Methodology: Experimental materials and a commercial control were evaluated in two locations. The results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with ten treatments and four replications, following the methodology described by Steel and Torrie (1980). Due to its high content of capsaicinoids accumulated in the fruit, the habanero pepper is a vegetable of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. It has been observed that capsaicin concentration may vary due to environmental effects, water and nutritional stress, low temperatures, lack of radiation, and low relative humidity. Result: The habanero pepper represents a symbol and example of pungency. In this study, the concentration of capsaicin (Ccap), °Brix, and shelf life (SL) after harvest were determined and compared among habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) genotypes grown under greenhouse, open-field, and shade-net conditions in Baja California. Conclusions: There are significant differences among the evaluated genotypes for each variable; however, these genotypes are promising candidates for further selection with commercial purposes.
Capsicum chinense, Calidad, Invernadero, Genotipos.
Derechos de autor 2026 Agro Productividad
Foliar biofortification with iron, zinc and copper in maize under rainfed climatic conditions and its nutritional quality
Objective: To evaluate nutrient absorption and forage quality in corn microsilos (Zea mays L.) cultivated under rainfed conditions and foliar biofortified with iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out at the Juan Rodríguez Clara Higher Technological Institute, located in the municipality of Juan Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz. Foliar applications of Zn, Cu, and Fe were administered throughout the crop's growth cycle. Bromatological parameters and mineral content were analyzed through correlation and interpretation in relation to climatic variables, specifically temperature and precipitation. Results: Moderate temperatures (22–23 °C) promoted Fe absorption (202 ppm); however, they also led to increases in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (59%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (33%), enhancing plant structural rigidity. Conversely, cumulative rainfall of 200 mm negatively impacted Zn (29 ppm) and Cu (19 ppm) uptake due to leaching and water stress, which subsequently reduced the organic matter content (%OM) in the microsilos to 88%. A positive correlation was identified between Fe concentration and structural fiber content, while a negative correlation was observed between protein levels and hemicellulose, indicating a potential metabolic imbalance. Study Limitations/Implications: Rainfall interfered with Zn and Cu absorption, underscoring the importance of aligning foliar fertilization strategies with prevailing weather conditions. Findings/conclusions: Fe biofortification influences plant structure; water stress limits the absorption of Zn and Cu. Foliar applications must be adjusted according to the climate to optimize the nutritional quality of the forage.
Maize, biofortification, microminerals, fibers.
Food fortification of pangola grass (Digitaría eriantha Steud) silage to increase its digestibility
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different urea concentrations (2%, 3%, and 5%) on the nutritional composition and digestibility of pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha Steud) silage. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted at the Instituto Tecnológico Superior, located in the municipality of Juan Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz. A completely randomized design with three repetitions was established. Pangola grass was harvested at 45 days of regrowth and three types of microsilos were prepared with 2%, 3%, and 5% urea, along with a control without treatment. After 30 days of fermentation, subsamples were taken from the microsilos to perform proximate and Van Soest analyses. Results: The use of microsilos treated with 5% urea increased crude protein (CP) content, significantly improved protein content, and reached the highest concentration level. Additionally, it reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Study Limitations/Implications: The risk of urea intoxication in animals was the main limitation resulting from the urea-treated microsilo technique. This risk is directly related to incorrect dosages and the distribution of urea in the silage. Findings/Conclusions: Adding urea to silage is a practical and cost-effective strategy to optimize livestock production in tropical regions, because it enhances the efficient use of forage resources and meets the nutritional needs of animals.
Silage, grass, urea, nutritional quality.
Modeling the yield of forage and grain of irrigated corn using the AquaCrop model
Objective: To calibrate and validate the AquaCrop model for simulating the forage and grain yield of maize cultivated under irrigation in Irrigation District 052 “Durango”. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study involved the parameterization of the AquaCrop model to simulate maize yield using two commercial hybrids (XR20A and XR21), cultivated under surface irrigation at the Valle del Guadiana Experimental Station of INIFAP, located within Irrigation District 052 "Durango," during the spring -summer (S -S) growing seasons of 2015, 2016, and 2017. Results: The findings demonstrate the model’s robustness in predicting grain yield, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.47 t ha⁻¹ and a Willmott index (d) of 0.99. Limitations/Implications: The model requires calibration and validation under the specific agronomic conditions of the target region. Nevertheless, this research provides a valuable reference for future studies utilizing the AquaCrop model. Findings/Conclusions: AquaCrop represents a reliable tool for estimating both expected and potential maize yields, thereby supporting more informed decision-making by farmers
Calibration, parameterization, simulation, validation, Zea mays
Derechos de autor 2025 Agro Productividad
Biological control and identification of entomofauna in pecan orchards established in the Guadiana Valley, Durango, Mexico
Objective: To taxonomically identify insect pests associated with pecan cultivation and assess the biological control efficacy of various bioproducts in the Guadiana Valley, Durango, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Insect pest quantification was conducted through leaf sampling, which involved the inspection of 100 leaves per orchard. This was achieved by randomly selecting 10 trees per orchard and collecting 10 leaves from each tree. The study was conducted in two phases: (1) fieldwork and (2) laboratory analysis. To evaluate the biological efficacy of entomopathogenic agents against the principal pecan pests, the following treatments were applied: (1) untreated control, (2) Beauveria bassiana, (3) Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, (4) Verticillium lecanii, (5) Metarhizium anisopliae, (6) neem extract, and (7) Bacillus thuringiensis. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was implemented, with the experimental unit comprising 15 tree rows per 100 meters. Results: Abundant rainfall during the sampling period resulted in the entomopathogenic treatments showing no statistically significant effect. Nevertheless, the primary insect pests associated with pecan cultivation in the Guadiana Valley were taxonomically identified, with the giant pecan aphid (Longistigma caryae) emerging as the most prevalent species. Limitations/Implications: The study’s limitations are influenced by the agroclimatic conditions of the location where the research is replicated. Findings/Conclusions: The principal insect pest orders and families affecting pecan cultivation in the Guadiana Valley, Durango, were successfully identified.
Carya illinoensis, biological effectiveness, insect identification
Implementation of the roller chopping for therehabilitation of rangelands with microphyllousscrubland
Objective: Was to evaluate the air roller implementation in five sites (rangelands) from July 2013 in order to increase the production of dry matter (DM) and the basal coverage (BC) development of grasslands with microphilic scrub in the Peñón Blanco, Durango. Design/methodology/approach: The BC was measured at five points of each rangeland with treatment (5) and at the control (1) using the Canfield method. Random forage sampling was conducted during October to estimate the DM production and the ACC for each rangeland. The DM production was analyzed with a completely random block design with 30 replications. Results: The BC of the grasslands at the sites with the use of the air roller ranged between 23.9 and 26.6%, while in the control it was 3.6%. A significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) of the DM produced in the rangelands treated (787.7 to 876.8 kg ha-1) compared to the control (120 kg ha-1). The treated sites reached values in the ACC between 35 and 39 AU ha-1, except for the control who obtained only 5 AU ha-1. Limitations on study/implications: The limitations will be reflected depending on the specific conditions of the site where the study is replicated, since the results are largely linked to factors such as climate and soil. Findings/conclusions: The implementation of the air roller favored the rehabilitation of the grasslands to increase their forage productivity and, therefore, the cattle feeding in its extensive modality that takes place in the region’s rangelands
Animal carrying capacity, basal coverage, rangeland coefficient, animal unit.
Inheritance of Drought Tolerance During Germination and Early Growth in a Multiparental Population of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Objective: (1) Estimate the genetic variables related to drought tolerance during germination of F₃ from a MAGIC common bean population, and (2) Classify the F3 as tolerant or susceptible to drought at an early stage. Design/methodology/approach: Seeds from 200 F3 of a MAGIC common bean population (designed as L-1, L-2, L-3… L-200) and their eight parents (R-bufa-80, R-bufa-60, T-negro, T-amarillo, PS-AZH-15-1, P-saltillo, USPT-WM-1 and Salinas) were used. A bioassay was established in the Plant Biophysics and Physiology Laboratory of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico in July 2023. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes at 27 ºC in a growth chamber. The experimental design was a simple lattice with two replications. The evaluated treatment consisted of germination in a PEG-6000 solution at -0.49 MPa for 72 h. The parents R-bufa-80, R-bufa-60, T-negro and T-amarillo were used as tolerant controls. Germination was quantified 24, 48 and 72 h after the establishment of the bioassay. Results: At 24 h, the germination percentage exhibited high heritability; however, it did not a quantitative inheritance pattern. For germination at 48 and 72 h, heritability was moderate, and for total length it was low. Neverthless, these traits displayed a phenotypic distribution consistent with quantitative inheritance. F3 L-184 appeared to exhibit transgressive segregation for germination at 24 h and for total length at 72 h. The evaluation of the complete multiparental population allowed the selection of F3 with the best and worst response to water deficit, based on their germination and early growth under PEG-6000 induced osmotic stress. Limitations on study/implications: Due to seed availability, the F3 were not evaluated under control (water) conditions; therefore, their response were compared with those of the parents previously characterized for drought tolerance. Findings/conclusions: Germination percentage and total length exhibited quantitative inheritance, except for germination at 24 h. F3 L-184, L-198, and L-106 can be classified as drought tolerant, whereas L-69 and L-182 can be classified as susceptible. This MAGIC population and their parents can be incorporated into breeding programs due to the range of identifiable responses.
abiotic stress, heritability, MAGIC, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Phaseolus acuti-folius A. Gray, osmotic potential.
Typology and extensive smallholders´ farmer-desired traits in the selection of local goats in northern Mexico
Objective: To improve a production system, it is necessary to define the critical points for their attention, being the characterization of the system the first step. In this way, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the producer, his problems, limitations and strengths, in order to generate tools that allow making decisions that adjust to the producer's reality. Design/methodology/approach: It was characterized the goat producers from northern Mexico. A total of 117 goat farmers were interviewed using a survey composed of 54 items. Qualitative variables were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Principal component, factor, and cluster analysis were performed. Two well-differentiated groups were formed. One group comprises similarities in age, family members, milking animals, grazing time, animal age and weight at sale. The second group considers producers with similarities in schooling, milk production, and experience in the activity, price per liter of milk, and sold animals. Results: The majority select their animals (94%). The main selection criteria are based on appearance (71%) to select bucks and empirical maternal ability (60%) to select does. The producers share similar characteristics, with a deep knowledge of the activity. Limitations on study/implications: It is imperative to educate goat producers in northern Mexico on the selection of replacement animals through the utilisation of quantifiable records, with the objective of enhancing the productivity of their goat populations. Findings/conclusions: The system is traditional, with no changes and no technological innovation, and they use very few criteria to select their animals and do not have clear breeding objectives.
Small ruminants, socioeconomy, genetic improvement, arid zones
Stem and total tree volume equations, taper and site index, for timber species in the temperate ecosystem of Durango, Mexico
Objective: To generate stem volume (SV), total tree volume (TTV), taper and site index (IS) models for Pinus arizonica, Pinus durangensis, Pinus engelmanni, Pinus leiophylla, Pinus teocote, Pinus strobiformis, Pinus lumholtzii and Quercus sideroxyla, in productive landscapes of a temperate ecosystem in northwestern Durango, Mexico. Methodology: Data were collected from 1280 trees (298 with trunk analysis). Based on the dendrometric type, the volume was obtained and estimated the SV, TTV and VC (branches ≥ 5 cm volume). Using a xylometer, the volume of branches and twigs < 5 cm was estimated. For TTV and SV, the Schumacher-Hall model was fitted with a ponderaded regression to correct for heteroscedasticity. The Biging function was used for the stem profile, fitted with nonlinear generalized least squares to correct for autocorrelation. The algebraic difference method with Chapman-Richards base equation was used to generate the site index equations. Results: A biometric system has been developed with 16 equations to estimate SV and TTV, 8 equations for stem profile, and 14 equations to form polymorphic curves and qualify the IS. Limitations: Its use elsewhere, requires a validation process. Conclusions: The results show that the models were unbiased and with significant parameters, so their use is recommended in the estimation of the SV, TTV, stem profile and estimation of the IS in the region of Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, Mexico
stem volume, total tree volume, taper, site index.
Influence of photoselective covers on the growth and stomatal anatomy of Agave durangensis Gentry, under protected conditions
Objective: To study the effect of light modification using photoselective covers on the growth and stomatal traits of agave cenizo (Agave durangensis Gentry) seedlings. Design/methodology/approach: Seedlings were grown for eight months under different types of cover: 1) no cover (outdoor), 2) greenhouse, 3) blue net, 4) black net, 5) red net, and 6) green net. Height, rosette diameter, true diameter, number of expanded leaves, °Brix, biomass of the different components (root, cone, leaf), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf succulence (FS), as well as different stomatal traits were evaluated. Results: Seedlings under black and green nets had the lower development in height (7.6 y 8.2 cm) and diameter (2.0 y 2.2 cm), but increased SLA (100 y 89.7 cm2 g-1) and biomass allocation to leaves. Seedlings grown under red net, outdoors, and in the greenhouse showed the greatest growth in height (9.7, 8.8 y 8.5 cm) and diameter (2.5, 2.3 y 2.4 cm), and an increased biomass allocation to leaves, but with the lowest SLA values (< 75 cm2 g-1). In addition, the red net condition marginally increased the increase in stomatal density (2500 and 1100 cm-2, in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively). In general, the dimensions of the stomatal characters were smaller in the greenhouse condition, while they were favored in the blue net condition. Limitations on study/implications: In addition to the practical implications for the seedling production in nurseries, the results contribute to understanding the species' capacity to acclimatize to heterogeneous light environments. Findings/conclusions: Due to its heliophilous nature, A. durangensis seedlings have better development in conditions of greater luminosity (outdoors). However, photoselective covers, such as red and blue nets, improve some stomatal characteristics, which can contribute to the physiological performance of the plants.
agave cenizo, light environment, biomass, stomatal density
Changes in soil properties with the establishment of Pinus greggii Engelm. ex Parl. forest plantations, on marginal lands in Durango, Mexico
Objective: Evaluate the changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil and organic carbon in a P. greggii plantation on marginal land with previous agricultural use. Methodology: Two plots were compared: agricultural use vs. forest use, in La Soledad, Canatlán, Durango, analyzing various physicochemical soil properties and organic carbon on two dates (2023 and 2024). The effects of land use, time, and their interaction were determined using a mixed linear model (α = 0.05), with the plot considered as a random factor. A multivariate principal component analysis was performed to identify patterns of association between the variables and determine their sensitivity to the type of land use. Results: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two land uses in phosphorus, potassium, organic matter (SOM), and total organic carbon (TOC), with interactions with the evaluation time. The plantation increased phosphorus, SOM, and TOC levels by 58 %, 27 %, and 29 %, respectively, compared to agricultural soil. Cation exchange capacity, calcium, and magnesium explained the greatest variation in both land uses, but in the plantation, in addition to these three variables, the response was also associated with SOM and COT. Limitations on study: Further studies are needed to examine the rate of nutrient recycling in litter. Conclusions: The plantation improved soil fertility and favored the accumulation of organic matter and carbon, highlighting its potential for the recovery of degraded soils.
soil quality, fertility, productivity, soil recovery
Forage productivity of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack L.) and canola (B. napus) under different fertilization sources: Response in production, quality and water use efficiency
Objective: To evaluate triticale and canola crops in terms of agronomic traits, forage production (FP), forage quality (FQ), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under three different fertilization sources in semi-arid conditions in northern Mexico. Design/Methodology: The study was conducted at the INIFAP La Laguna Experimental Field (25°30' N, 103°15' W). Sowing took place during the winter cycle, using triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack), cv. 'Río Nazas', and canola (B. napus), cv. 'Hyola-401'. Three treatments were applied: (1) Chemical Fertilization (CF), consisting of 150 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen (N); (2) Biofertilization (BF), involving seed inoculation with microorganisms and oxidizable organic carbon; and (3) Control Treatment (CT), with an application of 60 kg ha⁻¹ of phosphorus (P). The same amount of phosphorus was applied in both CF and BF treatments. A randomized complete block design with four replicates in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used. Harvesting was performed at the pod development stage for canola and the milk-dough stage for triticale. Variables evaluated included yield, agronomic traits, nutritional forage quality, and irrigation water use efficiency. Results: The tallest canola plants (132.8 cm) were observed under the biofertilization treatment. A significant species × treatment interaction was found, with triticale showing the highest IWUE-NE (Net Energy) values under both fertilization sources (2.96 and 3.24 Mcal m⁻³, respectively). Canola exhibited the highest crude protein levels under both chemical and biofertilization treatments. Conclusions: Triticale demonstrated superior performance in FP and net energy production. Canola showed greater potential in plant height, in vitro digestibility, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein content. Biofertilization had a positive effect compared to the control treatment in terms of plant height, FP, and IWUE
Semiarid, forages, biofertilizers, water.
Production, nutritional quality and profitability of forage maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) in a semi-desert region of northern Mexico
Objective: To evaluate yield, nutritional quality, and profitability of four forage‑corn hybrids under two plant densities and subsurface drip irrigation across two growing seasons in the Laguna region. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was carried out at the La Laguna Experimental Field of INIFAP (National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research). Four forage‑corn hybrids were used: 2620, Zamorano, P3270 and P3097. Planting was performed manually on March 15 for the spring season and July 10 for the summer season. Two plant densities were tested: 100 000 and 150 000 plants per hectare. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Subsurface drip irrigation was employed. Evaluated variables included plant height, leaf‑area index, biomass accumulation, green forage yield, dry forage yield, water‑use efficiency, nutritional quality and profitability. Treatment means differences were compared by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: The density × hybrid and density × season interactions were not significant; however the season × hybrid interaction was significant. Green‑forage and dry‑forage yields were greater in the spring growing season. Hybrid P3270 achieved the highest yields of green forage (81.77 t ha⁻¹) and dry forage (25.29 t ha⁻¹). It also presented the highest starch concentration and the best benefit‑to‑cost (B/C) ratio (2.80), meaning that for every peso invested it returned 1.80 pesos. Limitations/Implications: No limitations were identified in the present study. Findings/Conclusions: Under the semi‑arid conditions of the Comarca Lagunera in northern Mexico, increasing plant density to 150 000 plants ha⁻¹ did not result in benefit. Yields of green and dry forage were higher in the spring season. Hybrid P3270 delivered the highest dry‑forage yield, water‑use efficiency, starch concentration and B/C ratio.
Forage production, fermentation and nutritional value of silage from commercial sorghum varieties
Objective: To evaluate forage yield, fermentation characteristics, and the nutritional quality of silage from five commercial sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties in comparison with forage corn. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study assessed the impact of five sorghum varieties Super Sorgo, Silo Miel, Silo Master, Gigante Verde, and BMR sorghum alongside corn on forage yield, silage fermentation profile, and nutritional composition. A randomized complete block design with four replications was implemented for both field and silage trials. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SAS software (version 9.3), with statistical significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Super Sorgo exhibited the highest fresh forage and dry matter (DM) yield, with only Silo Miel achieving a comparable DM yield. Silo Master and Gigante Verde produced DM yields similar to both Silo Miel and corn. Optimal fermentation profiles characterized by elevated lactic acid concentrations and lower pH were observed in corn and conventional sorghum varieties. Conversely, BMR sorghum displayed the least favorable fermentation parameters. Regarding nutritional quality, Super Sorgo and Silo Master silages had the lowest crude protein (CP) contents. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels were highest in corn and comparable in Silo Miel, Silo Master, and Gigante Verde. Corn silage demonstrated the greatest digestibility of both DM and NDF, a trait matched only by Silo Miel, Silo Master, and Gigante Verde. Limitations/Implications: No limitations were identified in this study. Findings/Conclusions: Super Sorgo and Silo Miel are recommended for systems aiming to maximize forage yield. Meanwhile, Silo Miel, Silo Master, Gigante Verde, and corn are preferable when targeting high nutritional quality forage in dairy and/or forage production systems under the prevailing climate and management conditions suitable for sorghum cultivation.
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, fermentation, nutrition
Evidence of niche shift in Schistocerca piceifrons and identification of potential colonization zones in Mexico in the face of climate change
Objective: Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons is a species that significantly impacts agriculture and threatens food security, making it essential to conduct studies that assess areas susceptible to invasion in Mexico. This study aimed to examine the climatic niche of S. piceifrons piceifrons and to identify potential invasion zones in Mexico under climate change scenarios. Design/Methodology: A niche overlap analysis was conducted to detect variations in niche occupancy by S. piceifrons piceifrons in Costa Rica and Mexico. Additionally, a niche modeling approach was implemented to identify new areas at risk of invasion in Mexico under projected climate change conditions. Results: Findings reveal that the species exhibits variations in its climatic niche across the regions it inhabits in Mexico and Costa Rica. The niche model predicts that, for the 2021–2040 period, suitable habitat availability for S. piceifrons piceifrons will expand, particularly in the tropical dry forest and tropical moist forest ecoregions. Implications: Exploring climatic niche variation in S. piceifrons piceifrons provides valuable insights into its invasive potential. Niche modeling further enables the identification of high-risk zones for future invasions in Mexico. Conclusions: This study contributes to assessing the invasion potential of S. piceifrons piceifrons and identifying new areas at risk of colonization. These findings serve as a strategic tool for guiding decision-making and prioritizing control measures against one of the most significant agricultural pests in Mexico and Central America.
S. piceifrons piceifrons, climatic niches, climate change, invasion, agriculture.
Response of germination capacity of local varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with different levels of heat stress
objective: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a staple food crop in Mexico, faces increasing challenges due to shifting climatic patterns during its production cycle. This necessitates comprehensive studies and the integration of technological components to ensure its adaptability to emerging environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination capacity of various local bean varieties both improved and traditional under different thermal treatments. Design/Methodology: The germination performance of bean varieties developed in the Guadiana Valley Pinto Saltillo, PID 1, NOD 1, and PID 2 was assessed at five temperature levels: 27, 30, 33, 36, and 39 °C. A randomized complete block design was employed, and statistical analysis included goodness-of-fit tests and post hoc comparisons for significance testing. Results: The NOD 1 variety exhibited the highest germination percentage (GP), consistently exceeding 96% between 27 °C and 36 °C. However, at 39 °C, its GP dropped below that of PID 2. Notably, PID 2 achieved the highest GP at 39 °C (60%) but showed the lowest values at the other temperature levels. Implications: It is advisable to explore germination responses at lower temperatures using the same varieties, as three of the four exhibited significantly reduced GP at 39 °C. This trend suggests limited viability for selection under extreme heat conditions. Conclusions: Within the optimal thermal range of 27–36 °C, the improved varieties PID 1 and NOD 1 outperformed Pinto Saltillo and PID 2 in germination percentage. However, PID 1 demonstrated superior germination under the highest tested temperature of 39 °C.
Thermal stress, Phaseolus vulgaris L., local genetic materials, plant establishment stage.
PID 2: improved pinto bean variety with high yield and extended shelf life
Objective: The bean production system in the state of Durango requires the development of an improved variety for irrigated and sufficient rainfed conditions (> 450 mm of rainfall). Design/Methodology/Approach: In accordance with the procedure for developing new varieties, the improved variety PID 2 (PT14053) was obtained via the pedigree method, using hybridization between ‘Pinto Saltillo’ and multiple progenitors, resulting in the genealogical key: PT Bayacora/Maverick///PT Claro/PT Saltillo//PT Saltillo/PT Villa‑2‑6. Results: The variety PID 2 consists of climbing‑habit plants with a height of 43 cm and an average vine growth rate of 93 cm. Pods are green with red coloration; seeds are broad, elliptic‑medium shaped, with a cream‑white testa, brown mottling, and yellow hilum. Under irrigation it achieved an average yield of 2,783 kg ha⁻¹, with flowering at 47 days after sowing (DAS), intermediate maturity at 104 DAS, and a 100‑seed weight of 36 g. Findings: The experimental line PT14053, commercially registered as PID 2, was developed for irrigated conditions in the state of Durango. It features disease resistance, acceptable yield (> 1,640 kg ha⁻¹), testa clarity, extended shelf‑life, and seed weight exceeding 35 g per 100 seeds.
Phaseolus vulgaris, genetic improvement, resistance, yield, grain quality.
HVC JAIRA: GRAIN SORGHUM HYBRID FOR SINALOA, Mexico
Objective: To describe the morphological and agronomic characteristics of HVC JAIRA, a red grain sorghum hybrid. Design/methodology/approach: HVC JAIRA was developed at the INIFAP Culiacán Valley Experimental Station in 2011, as the result of a breeding program based on hybridization. Between 2012 and 2015, performance trials of experimental hybrids were conducted, leading to the selection of the HVC 4AX37R hybrid (HVC JAIRA) due to its tolerance to pests and diseases. Results: According to the evaluation data, the HVC JAIRA hybrid achieved the highest average yield. Study limitations/implications: Promotion of this hybrid in agroecological environments of the state of Sinaloa is recommended. Findings/conclusions: HVC JAIRA demonstrated adaptability to adverse climatic conditions by consistently producing superior yields across all test locations.
VCS TOLEO: New Dual-Purpose Sorghum Variety for Sinaloa, Mexico
Objective: To describe the morphological and agronomic characteristics of VCS TOLEO, a red grain sorghum variety. Design/Methodology/Approach: VCS TOLEO was developed at INIFAP’s Valle de Culiacán Experimental Station in 2009 through a pedigree selection breeding process. From 2013 to 2018, it was evaluated in yield trials, and selected for its tolerance to pests, diseases, and high productivity. Results: Based on these evaluations, the VCS TOLEO variety recorded the highest average grain and forage yields. Study Limitations/Implications: The promotion of this variety in the environments of Sinaloa is desirable. Findings/Conclusions: VCS TOLEO showed adaptation to the climatic conditions typical of the region
Determining the optimal planting date for irrigated Sorghum bicolor Moench in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico
Objective: To identify the optimal sowing date for sorghum to achieve high grain yields under irrigated conditions in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Five sorghum genotypes were evaluated across nine sowing dates, spaced 15 days apart from December 1 to April 1. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Río Bravo, Tamaulipas, over two consecutive seasons (fall-winter 2022/2023 and 2023/2024). A randomized complete block design was used with three replications per treatment in a split-plot arrangement. Results: During the optimal sowing period, the highest-yielding genotypes were ADV-G3247 (6.386 t ha⁻¹), DKS-821 (6.294 t ha⁻¹), P83G19 (5.857 t ha⁻¹), and RB-Williams (5.651 t ha⁻¹). Study Limitations/Implications: The promotion of appropriate sowing dates in the state of Tamaulipas is highly recommended. Findings/Conclusions: The sowing dates associated with the highest grain yields were between January 1 and February 16.
S. bicolor, optimal sowing period, irrigation
Predictive models of the effects of global warming on the adaptability of native beans in Mexico
Objective: This study aimed to develop predictive models to estimate the impacts of global warming on the adaptability of native common bean populations in Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Presence records for Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (Pva) and Phaseolus vulgaris var. mexicanus (Pvm) were compiled across Mexico. Global warming scenarios were established using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) across four temporal projections. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed based on 19 bioclimatic variables and 12 monthly temperature and precipitation averages. Ecological niche suitability was assessed using the Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt, Ver. 4.3.1k). Results: Principal Component 1 (PC1) accounted for 68% of the variance in Pva and 86% in Pvm, while PC2 explained 30% in Pva and 12% in Pvm. Adaptability was primarily influenced by temperature fluctuations and cumulative rainfall during March and September. An overall increase in ecological niche suitability was projected for both species, attributed to global warming and the resulting decline in interspecific competition from other tree and shrub species adversely affected by climatic changes. Limitations/Implications: The study focused exclusively on two plant species. Broader assessments incorporating additional species are necessary to fully understand the ecological interactions within chaparral, forest, and grassland ecosystems. Findings/Conclusions: The models generated demonstrated high predictive accuracy, indicating an expansion in the potential adaptability range of the two native common bean varieties in response to global warming.
Phaseolus, diversity, environment, conservation, sustainability
Evaluation of pre-plant herbicides for maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides for weed control, prior to the establishment of maize crops (Zea mays L.). Design/methodology/approach: An experiment was established during the SS/2022 and FW/2023 cultivation cycles. The design was completely random blocks and four repetitions with the following treatments: control, glyphosate 726 g ha-1; paraquat 400 g ha-1; glufosinate-ammonium 300 g ha-1; saflufenacil 42 g ha-1; 2,4-D amine 718.5 g ha-1; dicamba + 2,4-D 120 + 240 g ha-1; picloram + 2,4-D 64 + 240 g ha-1; glufosinate-ammonium + 2,4-D 300 + 479 g ha-1; glyphosate + 2,4-D 726 + 479 g ha-1 and BH 03 (bioherbicide) concentration at 1%. The damage to weeds was evaluated 7, 14 and 21 days after application (DAA). Results: The most efficient control of polote (S. eurylepis) was with glyphosate, paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, saflufenacil, dicamba + 2,4-D, glufosinate-ammonium + 2,4-D, and glyphosate + 2,4-D, all of them with control levels equal or higher than 90%. In zacate panizo (U. reptans), the most efficient were glyphosate and paraquat, with values higher than 97%. Limitations on study/implications: The results correspond to S. eurylepis and U. reptans as most frequent weeds. Conditions of excessive rain or wind delay the optimal application time. After sowing, early weeds can escape control. Findings/conclusions: Glyphosate and paraquat were the most efficient herbicides during the evaluation in both agricultural cycles.
Simsia eurylepis, Urochloa reptans, Control.
Evolving coturniculture: production challengesand market opportunities in alternative quailfarming
Objective: Coturniculture refers to the breeding and productive use of Coturnix japonica. This bird has emerged as a strategic alternative within non-conventional quail farming, highlighting its biological efficiency, low space requirements, and rapid reproduction rate. Design/Methodology/Approach: This review explains the integration of the main advances and challenges of coturniculture, focusing on biological characteristics, production systems, feeding management, market dynamics, and agroecological innovation. The productive potential of several production units operating with genetic lines and specific diets or other constraints that limit performance is highlighted. Results: The quail farming system for this species is adaptable to diverse scales and agroecological conditions. It has been progressively consolidated in Latin America, particularly in Mexico. However, it has limited development, weak technical development, and poor commercial coordination. However, recent studies have documented improvements in production through the incorporation of alternative ingredients (insects, local forage, agro-industrial byproducts) and practices that promote animal welfare. In the public consumption area, coturniculture produces meat and eggs. These products are gaining ground in the gourmet, functional, and sustainable food niches. However, there is a persistent lack of regulations, limited institutional promotion, and limited awareness of public consumption of these products. Current trends in quail feeding should focus on healthy, antibiotic-free production and a circular economy that opens up new possibilities for strengthening the production chain. Limitations/Implications of the study: Publications on coturniculture are limited. Studies in databases indexed in Scopus and Google Scholar are few. However, the necessary information was collected to understand Findings/Conclusions: Coturniculture represents a viable option for rural diversification, provided that public policies, applied research, technical training, and marketing schemes are promoted to develop sustainable, profitable systems that integrate cultur the landscape of this livestock activity.
Coturniculture, Japanese quail, Production systems, Agroecology.
Potential of Goniometry and Goniophotometry for Precision Agriculture Applications
Objective: To review the application of goniometry and goniophotometry as innovative tools for advancing precision agriculture. The primary objective is to synthesize how these techniques contribute to optimizing light interception, enhancing crop yield, and improving land-use efficiency by providing precise data on plant architecture and light dynamics within cultivation systems. Design/methodology/approach: The research employs a systematic review methodology, analyzing existing scientific literature and case studies where goniometry and goniophotometry have been applied in agricultural contexts. Goniometry is used for measuring the angular dispositions of plant elements like leaves and stems, while goniophotometry characterizes light distribution and incidence angles. The approach focuses on integrating data from both techniques to inform adjustments in crop canopy architecture and artificial lighting systems. Results: The review demonstrates that the integration of goniometric and goniophotometric data enables the determination of optimal light incidence angles. This facilitates strategic adjustments to planting layouts and canopy management, leading to significant enhancements in photosynthetic efficiency. Consequently, studies report improvements in overall crop yield and a more efficient use of available land and light resources in diverse cultivation environments, from greenhouses to open fields. Limitations of the study/implications: The primary limitations discussed involve the technical complexity and cost associated with the specialized equipment required for these measurements. Furthermore, the practical implementation of findings can be constrained by the need for specialized knowledge to interpret data and integrate it into existing farm management systems, potentially limiting accessibility for widespread adoption. Findings/Conclusions: Goniometry and goniophotometry are powerful, though underutilized, tools that provide a scientific basis for optimizing agricultural systems. Their application offers significant advantages for enhancing photosynthetic performance and spatial planting efficiency. While challenges related to cost and complexity exist, the potential of these techniques to contribute to more sustainable and productive precision agriculture is substantial, warranting further research and development of user-friendly applications.
Goniophotometry, Light-interception, Photosynthetic Performance, Precision Agriculture.
Image processing and recognition for controlling a greenhouse tower mechanism focused on ergonomics and acceleration in substrate placement for sugarcane germination
Objective: To make the process of placing substrate in greenhouse towers for sugarcane germination faster and easier, through an automated prototype that uses image processing to reduce work time and physical effort. Design/methodology/approach: A small-scale prototype was built to test how it works and to see if it could be used in real conditions. The system used a camera to recognize and locate points inside the work area, allowing smoother and more accurate movement of the mechanism. Results: The tests showed that the system detected positions correctly and responded well to control commands, even with small changes in the environment. It also helped reduce working time and the operator’s physical effort, improving both efficiency and comfort. Limitations/implications: During testing, changes in lighting and small vibrations affected the accuracy of the system at times. These issues were mostly caused by the materials used in the prototype and the light conditions around it. Still, the results show that the system can be improved to work with greater precision and stability. Findings/conclusions: The prototype proved to be a good option to make substrate placement in greenhouse towers faster and more efficient, while reducing physical strain for the operator.
Image processing; ergonomics; automation; sugarcane; vertical greenhouses.
Indicator Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) in aquaculture
Objective: The Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) indicator will be implemented in a semi-intensive tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) aquaculture production unit (APU), establishing parallels between the variables used in industrial production and those that can be quantified in aquaculture production to obtain a comprehensive process indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The Deming cycle was implemented. During the plan phase, its application in aquaculture production units was investigated, and analogies between production processes were established. In the do phase, variables were adapted and implemented in eight production batches. In the check phase, the new formulas were adjusted to determine availability, yield, and quality. Finally, in the action phase, the OEE of each batch studied was calculated, along with confidence intervals, a paired t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Performance figures of 90.58%, availability of 95.32%, and quality of 86.11% were identified, yielding an overall operational efficiency (OEEaq) value of 76.37%. 95% confidence intervals were obtained for all batches, batches with electrical failures, and the remaining batches. Paired t-tests were performed on pairs of indicators, and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. In the evaluation of all batches, the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the quality indicator is the widest: 0.57–1.08. The results indicate that availability is both stable and reliable, while performance remains relatively stable; however, its impact is contingent upon the quality of the indicators. The identified area for improvement is quality. Limitations/Implications: Provided adequate records exist, it is feasible to comprehensively evaluate each batch produced in a semi-intensive tilapia farm using the OEE indicator. It would be relevant to document the values ​​of other facilities and evaluate whether the application of the indicator facilitates the formulation of guidelines. Findings/Conclusions: From an initial perspective, OEE can be used as an overall indicator in the semi-intensive tilapia production process.
Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus), Deming cycle, KPI, Responsible production and consumption, Underwater Life.
Valorization of orange solid waste through pyrolysis: production of biochar and its potential as an enhancer of the anaerobic digestion
Objective: To valorize orange solid waste through pyrolysis to obtain biochar and to analyze its potential application as an enhancer of anaerobic digestion. Design/methodology/approach: Orange solid waste was conditioned and subjected to pyrolysis at 550 °C in an Auger-type reactor. The produced biochar was characterized by measuring pH, ash content, total solids, volatile solids, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and carbon content. Additionally, an anaerobic hybrid reactor was conditioned and monitored by measuring pH, total and soluble COD, TSS, VSS, and biogas production to subsequently evaluate the effect of the biochar on the reactor performance. Results: Biochar exhibited alkaline properties pH (8.6), a carbon content of 60%, and an increase in cation exchange capacity (42.6 meq·100 g-¹), indicating the development of a porous and conductive structure favorable for microbial adhesion and the mitigation of inhibitory compounds. Meanwhile, the anaerobic hybrid reactor was stabilized, maintaining a pH between 7.1 and 7.4, achieving 90% removal of total and soluble COD, as well as 4.6 L biogas/d, favoring a balanced biological environment. Limitations on study/implications: The effect of biochar addition in the anaerobic hybrid reactor will be evaluated to determine its influence on anaerobic digestion performance. However, further studies are required to confirm its long-term stability and scalability. Findings/conclusions: Biochar derived from orange solid waste represents an environmentally sustainable alternative to optimize the anaerobic digestion process and valorize agro-industrial waste within the framework of a circular economy.
Orange solid waste, biochar, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, anaerobic hybrid reactor.
Automated micro-injection system for in-ovo vaccination on day 18: design, validation, and comparison with conventional methods
Objective: To evaluate an automatic in ovo injection device based on a low-cost Cartesian robot. Design/Methodology/Approach: The prototype integrates a motor-driven pressurized syringe, a graphical user interface for selecting injection volumes, and a laser photo-interrupter sensor that ensures needle centering and height relative to the egg. Results: The device underwent 50 injection trials using saline solution and was compared with manual techniques, showing a significant reduction in variability of the administered volume compared to manual methods, thereby improving injection accuracy, operational efficiency, and overall prototype performance. Limitations/Implications: The device still requires validation under real farm conditions, testing in high-demand environments, and enhancements such as the incorporation of multiple syringes and integration with conveyor or incubator systems. Findings/Conclusions: The automated device represents a significant advancement in the automation of in ovo vaccination, providing a viable and low-cost alternative for small- and medium-scale poultry producers. Although certain technical and validation challenges remain, the proposed system offers an accessible solution that reduces operational risks, increases productivity, and facilitates the integration of automation technologies into the poultry sector. The results show that the automated system reduced the mean absolute error by 45% and improved operational efficiency by 30% compared with manual vaccination (p < 0.05). These findings confirm the potential of the device as a cost-effective and highly precise option for vaccination processes in small- and medium-scale production environments.
In ovo vaccination, poultry production, Cartesian robot, automated injection system
Multi-objective configuration of water quality indicators in tilapia production systems using artificial intelligence
Objective: To constrain the operational costs of water quality management within acceptable thresholds while preserving “excellent” quality standards, thereby ensuring optimal growth conditions for tilapia. Design/methodology/approach: Aquaculture has emerged as a key global source of protein. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to manage water quality indicators enables optimization of efficiency, sustainability, and costs. However, the multi-objective integration of parameters and their joint application in aquaculture systems remains an emerging challenge. Results: The optimization results provide practical references for the design of decision-support systems in aquaculture plants, offering a structured methodology to balance water quality improvement with cost minimization. Limitations on study/implications: The study was based on simulated data validated through the literature. The current value of the research lies in its conceptual and methodological foundation. Future work could integrate real-time data obtained from sensors. Findings/conclusions: The proposed methodology demonstrates the potential of combining Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) as a decision-support tool in aquaculture management. By optimizing both water quality and costs, it contributes to improving the efficiency, resilience, and sustainability of intensive tilapia farming.
multi-objective optimization, Pareto front, genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks, tilapia farming.
Economic impact of soil bioremediation with sugarcane monoculture using Artificial Intelligence
Objective: Develop an intelligent system capable of predicting the best bioremediation strategy at the laboratory scale for a Vertisol soil sample with sugarcane monoculture, to achieve a target of 90 tons per hectare, with the aim of achieving an economic impact on sugarcane producers in the high mountains of the State of Veracruz. Design/Methodology/Approach: The following soil bioremediation techniques are used: Bioremediation using Bacillus megaterium, bioremediation using vermicompost to promote bioaugmentation, and bioremediation using Azospirillum brasilense + Pantoea dispersa; to estimate the economic impact of using an intelligent system system for soil bioremediation with sugar cane monoculture. Results: An intelligent system was developed for soil bioremediation, with the goal of achieving 90 tons of sugarcane per hectare, thus achieving a significant economic impact on sugarcane producers in the High Mountains Region of the State of Veracruz. Limitations/Implications: To carry out the tests for each bioremediation, samples of five Vertisol soils from the High Mountain Region of Veracruz were placed, with different degrees of degradation and whose chemical characterization is already known for each soil type. A control sample was used for each sample, which was not modified in any way, but was simply placed under the same environmental and irrigation conditions as the other samples. Findings/Conclusions: Software was developed that analyzes the physicochemical properties of the soil in order to recommend the most feasible bioremediation strategy to the user, with the goal of achieving 90 tons/hectare, representing an economic improvement of almost 30% for sugarcane producers.
Economic impact, soil bioremediation, sugarcane monoculture, artificial intelligence.