The Journal Agro Productividad is a monthly publication of the Colegio of Postgraduados in Agricultural Sciences based in Texcoco, Mexico. It was founded in 2008 with the aim of disseminating results in original scientific articles, as well as scientific notes, thematic reviews and scientific essays related to agriculture (crops, forestry, livestock, fishing and aquaculture, and agribusiness) and agrifood production. It also addresses issues on economic, social and environmental processes that impact agricultural productivity and rural development. All contributions received are submitted to a double blind arbitration process and final edition. The journal is published in Spanish with abstract in English. It is indexed to different national and international indicators highlighting Zoological Records, CAB ABSTRACTS, CABI, Periodica, Latindex (Directory and Catalog), Biblat y Master List, Clarivate Analytics, REDIB.
Agroecological functions of perennial forage Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi Krap & Greg.) in agricultural systems
bjective: to identify the main uses, ecological benefits and productive contributions of Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) in agricultural systems oriented toward sustainability. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: an exhaustive bibliographic review was compiled on the use of Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) in different tropical agricultural systems. Relevant information was collected about the main uses of Pinto peanut, including its function as plant cover and soil protector, a source of fodder for cattle, organic mulch, erosion control agent and raw material to produce flour for feeding guinea pigs. The bibliographic review was complemented with some other field observations, to build a comprehensive perspective about the benefits of this species within sustainable production systems. Results: With the literature consulted as background and data from field observations in an agroecological backyard poultry rearing system, it was determined that the vegetation cover provided by Pinto peanut plants favored the presence of insects and other invertebrates that in turn served as a natural source of food for laying hens. This, significantly reduced the costs associated with the purchase of commercial meals. The consumption of crickets, moths, earthworms, beetles, worms and other soil organisms was recorded. This is evidence of the complementary ecological and economic function of this species within sustainable agricultural systems. Since it contributes both to biological balance and to economic savings in rural communities. Limitations/ Implications of the study: It was observed that most of the publications consulted present partial findings or isolated case studies, which shows the need to integrate the available information into a broader analytical framework. Findings/ Conclusions: Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) was identified as a resource of great importance in production systems. The functions observed were among others, a positive interaction between the plant and poultry rearing in backyard systems; as well as acting as a soil improver, providing feed for domestic animals, and saving costs as a natural control for weeds.
Forest inventory using proximal remote sensors, in a plantation of Cedrela odorata L. and Hevea brasiliensis Müll.Arg.
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the iPhone 15 Pro® LiDAR sensor for measuring diameter at breast height (DBH) and photogrammetry with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for estimating tree height. Methodology: The research was conducted in a 17-year-old mixed plantation. DBH was measured with a diameter tape, and tree height with a clinometer. These measurements were compared with data from the LiDAR sensor and UAV photogrammetry. Agreement was assessed using linear regression (R², RMSE) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: High agreement was observed between traditional methods and remote sensing. For DBH, the comparison yielded R² = 0.95, RMSE = 1.47 cm, and ICC = 0.964. For height, the results showed R² = 0.96, RMSE = 0.64 m, and ICC = 0.981. Study limitations/implications: The study was conducted in a plantation with regular spacing. The results should be validated under different conditions (species and stand structures). The slight systematic underestimation of DBH using LiDAR, attributed to the sensor's resolution, justifies its operational use. Findings/conclusions: Remote sensors provided accuracy comparable to that of traditional techniques, with superior operational efficiency. iPhone LiDAR is viable for DBH measurement, and UAV photogrammetry is suitable for height estimation in commercial inventories. Their integration allows for automated, georeferenced digital databases for advanced spatial analysis.
Objective: To develop a procedure for estimating fog water capture in temperate forests for three genera Pinus, Abies and Quercus, in locations lacking specialized instrumentation. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three one hectare plots were established in temperate forest. Seventy-five rain gauges, with a precision of 0.1 mm, were randomly distributed across each plot. To analyze of fog water collection, precipitation events were recorded daily during the rainy season (June-September). From these data, events were selected only if at least one rain gauge showed no precipitation while a minimum volume of water was recorded in the remaining gauges. Results: The Abies forest captured a total of 4.7 mm of fog water, followed by Quercus 2.89 mm, and Pinus 1.12 mm. Study Limitations/Implications: The evaluation was to the rainy season, with data recorded on a daily basis. The accessibility challenge was overcome. Findings/Conclusions: The proposed procedure provides reliable results, enabling the assessment of fog water contribution as an initial strategy when specialized instrumentation is unavailable.
Effect of selected treatments for glyphosate substitution in the chemical weed control of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka)
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of selected treatments for weed control compared to glyphosate in a Persian lime plantation. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment was established in Ignacio de la Llave, Veracruz, in August 2024. A randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications was used: glyphosate at 907.5 g ha⁻¹, diuron + paraquat at 1,600 + 500 g ha⁻¹, indaziflam + paraquat at 75 + 500 g ha⁻¹, indaziflam + glufosinate-ammonium at 75 + 300 g ha⁻¹, bromacil/diuron at 1,600/1,600 g ha⁻¹, and a control with no application. Weed control was evaluated at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after application (DAA). Results: At 50 DAA, the most effective treatments for controlling Ruellia ciliatiflora Hook were indaziflam + paraquat at 75 + 500 g ha-1, bromacil/diuron at 1,600/1,600 g ha-1, and indaziflam + glufosinate-ammonium at 75 + 300 g ha-1. Paspalum dilatatum Poir was effectively controlled with bromacil/diuron at 1,600/1,600 g ha-1 and diuron + paraquat at 1,600 + 500 g ha-1. The best treatments for complete weed control were bromacil/diuron at 1,600/1,600 g ha-1 and indaziflam + paraquat at 75 + 500 g ha-1. Limitations on study/implications: The effectiveness of the evaluated treatments may vary depending on the weed species present. Findings/conclusions: Bromacil/diuron at 1,600/1,600 g ha-1 and indaziflam + paraquat at 75 + 500 g ha-1 can be used as alternatives to glyphosate for weed control in Persian lime plantations.
Flower induction in MD-2 pineapple using growth regulators and leaf pruning to obtain off-season fruit
Objective: To prevent natural flowering of pineapple using concentrations of CPA and pruning levels, as well as to determine the flowering efficiency of MD-2 pineapple covered with shade netting, with the application of ethylene, in order to obtain off-season fruit. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment to prevent flowering was a randomized block design with four replications, in split plots; a: 0, 75, and 128 mg L⁻¹ of 2,3-chlorophenoxypropionic acid (CPA) and; b: 0, 30, and 50% pruning; treatments were applied on November 6, 2022. Flowering percentage was measured in February and April 2022. The experiment on floral induction consisted of: a) plants covered with shade netting and b) plants in open air; 18 samplings were performed with 20 plants; inflorescences were counted and analyzed using Student’s t-test (α = 0.05); the per-hectare dose was applied three times with 2 kg of ethylene with 20 kg of activated charcoal. Results: Pruning decreased natural flowering, and the response improved when combined with 75 mg L⁻¹ of CPA. At 128 mg L⁻¹ of CPA, excellent results were obtained, but the dose can be reduced to achieve the same effect when combined with pruning. The treatment without shade netting had 94% floral induction efficiency, while the one covered with shade netting had 49%. Study limitations/implications: These results can be applied in Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico, in plantations with plastic mulch. Findings/conclusions: Pruning prevented flowering, and its effect was enhanced with the lower concentration of CPA; additionally, shade netting reduced flowering when ethylene was applied during periods of high temperatures.
Seed Quality and Germination Dynamics in Small-Grain Cereals
Objective: To determine the quality and germination dynamics of seeds of rye cv. Elbon, wheat cv. Valles, and triticale cv. T5. Design/methodology/approach: Seeds were separated by size (small and large) and subjected to different conditioning treatments (accelerated aging). Study variables included the number of pure seeds, inert material, other seeds, thousand-seed weight, bulk density, moisture content, germination percentage, emergence speed, mean germination time, germination rate, germination speed coefficient, and germination uncertainty and synchrony indices. Analysis of variance was conducted using a randomized factorial design with four replications for each species and seed size. Means were compared using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). Results: The rye lot exhibited a long shelf life and medUIm vigor, while wheat and triticale seeds were short-lived and of low vigor. In all three species, large seeds were more vigorous than small seeds; however, seed size did not affect the temporal distribution of germination. Aging reduced germination percentage, emergence speed, germination rate, and synchrony index, while increasing mean germination time and the uncertainty index. Limitations on study/implications: None Findings/conclusions: Large seeds of rye, wheat, and triticale exhibit higher vigor, while seed aging negatively affects germination dynamics.
In vitro medium-term conservation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) through the use of ancymidol
Objective: To evaluate the effect of ancymidol on the in vitro medium-term conservation of Vanilla planifolia by analyzing explant survival, morphological growth, and the regenerative capacity of the conserved material. Design/Methodology/Approach: In vitro shoots were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose and different concentrations of ancymidol (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L⁻¹). After 6 and 12 months of conservation, survival percentage, shoot length, number of leaves, and number and length of roots were evaluated. After 12 months, the conserved material was transferred to MS medium containing 2 mg L⁻¹ BAP to assess its regeneration capacity. Results: Ancymidol significantly restricted shoot and root growth without affecting material survival, with all treatments showing 100% survival at both 6 and 12 months. The greatest growth inhibition was obtained with 1 mg L⁻¹ ancymidol, which resulted in the shortest shoot length after 12 months compared with the control treatment. Moreover, shoots conserved under this condition retained their regenerative capacity and multiplied normally after transfer to culture medium supplemented with BAP. Limitations/Implications: The observed response was assessed exclusively through morphological variables and regeneration capacity. Findings/Conclusions: Ancymidol constitutes an effective alternative for the in vitro medium-term conservation of V. planifolia, as it reduces explant growth, maintains high viability, and allows subsequent regeneration of the conserved material.
Selection of Capsicum chinense Jacq. Genotypes Across Different Production Systems
Objective: To evaluate the response of habanero pepper cultivation under greenhouse and open-field conditions in the semiarid environment of Baja California, using experimental genotypes and a commercial control from two localities. Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design with ten treatments and four blocks was established, following the methodology described by Steel and Torrie (1980). Sowing was carried out in January and February using polystyrene trays with 130 cells. Prior to sowing, seeds were treated with gibberellic acid at 40% concentration, resulting in an average emergence rate of 97.24%. Transplanting was conducted in March and April, and agronomic management was general and uniform throughout the entire crop development cycle. Results: The genotypes exhibited a favorable response in terms of growth and yield per plant under both protected and open-field conditions. The average yield per hectare exceeded the national mean reported for producing regions. Under greenhouse and open-field conditions, average yields of 61 and 18 tons per hectare were obtained, respectively. Findings/conclusions: The evaluated materials are well adapted to the different environments assessed in the semiarid agricultural regions of Baja California and show strong potential for selection for commercial purposes
Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Water Stress in Shade Net Conditions through Kaolin and Chitosan Applications
Objective: To evaluate the effect of kaolin and chitosan as agronomic tools for mitigating water stress on the growth and yield of Persian cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected cultivation conditions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The Persian cucumber variety was cultivated under shade netting, and five treatments were established using different doses of kaolin (30 and 50 g L-1 of water) and chitosan (3.5- and 5-mL L-1 of water), along with a control treatment (without application). These treatments were assessed under two periods of water stress, defined as the point at which 80% of the total available water in the soil had been depleted. A randomized complete block design was employed, with four replicates and five plants per experimental unit. Results: With regard to growth, the treatments had no significant effect on plant height or stem diameter. However, a marked effect was observed on crop yield, with the control treatment recording the lowest value at 12.9 t ha-1, whereas the most effective treatment corresponded to the application of chitosan at a dose of 3.5 mL L-1 of water, achieving a yield of 25.2 t ha-1. Limitations of the Study/Implications: No limitations were identified in the present study. Findings/Conclusions: Chitosan and kaolin exert a positive influence on the growth and development of cucumber fruit under shade net conditions, thereby enhancing yield under water stress conditions.
Severity Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Tomato Varieties (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Relation to Nutrition
Objective: To evaluate nutrient solutions in Solanum lycopersicum as an alternative strategy for controlling Fusarium wilt. Design/methodology/approach: Steiner nutrient solutions at 100% strength and with calcium (Ca) modifications were evaluated in four saladette tomato varieties, Bony Best (BB), 8444, 8579, and Chantico (CHAN), in order to analyze the severity index caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Tomato plants were inoculated with FOL race 3, and a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement and four replicates was established. The disease severity index was assessed 30 days after inoculation using a 0–4 scale. Tukey’s mean comparison test was performed (α = 0.05). Results: Treatment 1 (Ca 207 mg L-1, variety BB) exhibited the lowest disease severity index. In the foliar analysis, the best treatment was also Treatment 1 (Ca 207 mg L-1, variety BB), which showed the highest Ca content. Findings/conclusions: The Bony Best variety showed the lowest disease severity index (5.37%) under a Ca concentration of 207 mg L-1. Therefore, the application of this Ca dose is advisable to reduce the severity of the disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL).
Effect of the Nitrate-Urea Ratio, Nickel Levels, and Light Intensity on the Development of Lactuca sativa L. under Hydroponic Conditions
Objective: To determine the effects of the nitrate/urea ratio, nickel concentrations in the nutrient solution, and different light intensities on the development of lettuce cultivated in a hydroponic system. Design: The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 × 3 three-factor arrangement, comprising 18 treatments and five replicates. The evaluated factors were the nitrate/urea ratio, nickel concentration, and light intensity. Results: The 80/20 nitrate/urea ratio promoted the greatest root volume, leaf fresh weight, leaf and root dry weight, and larger leaf area, thus indicating higher efficiency in nitrogen assimilation when part of the supply was provided as urea. Nickel at a concentration of 1 mg L^-1 tended to enhance growth compared with the absence of nickel. Likewise, a light intensity of 400 μmol m^-2 s^-1 increased root volume, dry biomass, and leaf greenness. Study limitations/implications: Further research is needed to evaluate other mineral sources and different specific spectral compositions for production under controlled environments, as these represent a promising opportunity to improve the development and quality of hydroponic lettuce. Findings/conclusions: Nickel exerted moderately positive effects at a concentration of 1 mg L^-1, and its combination with the nitrogen source ratio of 80/20 under a light intensity of 400 μmol m^-2 s^-1 resulted in greater root volume, dry biomass, and leaf greenness (SPAD). Therefore, this treatment can be considered a viable alternative for improving lettuce development in hydroponic systems.
Silicon in the Growth and Mineral Composition of Tomato Seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Objective: To determine the effects of silicon on growth variables, dry biomass, and the mineral composition of tomato seedling leaves. Design/methodology/approach: Seeds of the indeterminate saladette tomato cultivar La Gema (Nirit Seeds LTD) were sown in polystyrene trays and maintained in a growth chamber equipped with an artificial lighting system. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments was employed. Sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3·9H2O) was used as the silicon source at doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg L-1. Silicon applications were administered through irrigation. The following growth variables were evaluated: seedling height, leaf greenness, leaf area, number of leaves, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight. In addition, the mineral composition of the leaves was determined, including N, K, Ca, and Mg. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05) for mean comparison. Minitab v.18 software was used for all analyses. Results: Silicon application enhanced tomato seedling growth, improved seedling quality, and increased the concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg. Findings/conclusions: Silicon at a dose of 3 mg L-1 proved effective in increasing morphological variables and improving the mineral composition of the leaves.
Influence of Irrigation Interval and Soil Texture on Onion Bulb Development (Allium cepa L.)
Objective: To determine the influence of soil texture and irrigation interval on onion bulb development. Design/Methodology/Approach: The experimental design consisted of a 12 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising 12 soil textural classes and two distinct irrigation frequencies. Thus, 24 treatments were evaluated, each with four replicates. The response variables included bulb weight, equatorial bulb diameter (ED), polar bulb diameter (PD), total soluble solids (TSS), bulb firmness, and bulb dry weight. Results: The treatment combining sandy loam soil texture with daily irrigation exhibited the highest yields. Study Limitations/Implications: The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, whereas onion is typically grown under open-field conditions. Moreover, no prior physical analysis was performed for each soil texture. Therefore, the results should be interpreted in light of these considerations. Findings/Conclusions: In most treatments, no significant differences were observed among the response variables analyzed.
Isolation of Fusarium verticillioides and evaluation of native rhizobacteria for its control in maize
Objective: To isolate and identify phytopathogenic fungi associated with maize cultivation and to evaluate in vitro the antagonistic potential of native rhizobacteria against F. verticillioides. Design/methodology/approach: Phytopathogens were isolated from maize plants exhibiting symptoms of root and stem rot. Their identification was carried out based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. In addition, seven native rhizobacterial isolates (CB1-CB7) were obtained, and their antagonistic activity against Fusarium strains was determined through in vitro dual-culture assays. Results: The two phytopathogenic strains, FMT08 and FMR13, were identified as F. verticillioides and exhibited pathogenic capacity by reducing seed germination and causing root rot. All evaluated rhizobacteria showed inhibitory activity; however, CB4 displayed the most consistent antagonistic effect against both strains, with biological effectiveness values of 53.75% for strain FMT08 and 52.50% for strain FMR13. Limitations of the study/implications: The native rhizobacterium CB4 evaluated in this study demonstrated the ability to suppress the development of F. verticillioides. As a prospective line of research, further studies are required to determine whether this effect is associated with the synthesis of antifungal compounds or with other mechanisms of action. Findings/conclusions: Two phytopathogenic maize strains identified as F. verticillioides and seven native rhizobacterial isolates from Sinaloa were obtained. Among them, CB4 stood out for its stable antagonistic activity against both pathogen strains, positioning it as a promising candidate for biocontrol strategies in maize cultivation.
Foliar Fertilization in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain Production: A Comparative Analysis of Application by Agricultural Drone and Conventional Spraying
Objective: This research study aimed to evaluate two distinct methods for applying foliar fertilizers: agricultural drone application and manual backpack sprayer application (traditional method). Design/methodology/approach: A chemical foliar fertilizer (Bayfolan Forte), an organic fertilizer (Hormonamin), and a mixture of both were evaluated in maize. A maize crop was established, and two treatment applications were carried out at 44 and 64 days after sowing. The variables assessed included plant height, ear height, foliar nutrient concentration after each application, 1,000-grain weight, and grain yield. Results: Regarding nutrient absorption after foliar applications, Bayfolan, Hormonamin, and their mixture showed greater nutrient uptake than the control treatment (water). Moreover, among the application methods, a greater increase was observed when the treatments were applied using an agricultural drone. Findings/conclusions: Grain yield increased when foliar fertilizers were applied with an agricultural drone compared with manual backpack spraying.
Seaweed Extracts and Composts (Macrocystis spp.) as biostimulants for tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Objective: To evaluate different application rates of seaweed extracts and compost derived from Macrocystis spp. as biostimulants in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design with four replications was employed. The following treatments were evaluated: (1) a Macrocystis spp. seaweed extract obtained in the laboratory under controlled temperature and pressure conditions; (2) a Bokashi-type compost based on the same seaweed; and (3) two commercial seaweed extracts, ProalG® and NPKelp®. Synthetic fertilization and water were used as controls. All treatments were applied at three different rates. Results: The treatments that produced the greatest foliar biomass, plant height, and stem diameter were NPKelp® at the medium rate, ProalG® at the high rate, and the laboratory-obtained Macrocystis spp. seaweed extract at the high rate. Regarding nutrient concentration in plant tissue, the treatments NPKelp® (medium rate), ProalG® (high rate), seaweed extract (high rate), and compost promoted the highest macronutrient concentrations. Findings/conclusions: The use of seaweed extracts and compost as biostimulants constitutes a viable alternative for reducing the use of chemical fertilization in tomato production.
Influence of Trichoderma harzianum on the growth of watermelon seedlings (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.)
Objective: To evaluate the growth of watermelon seedlings of the Charleston cultivar inoculated with four doses of Trichoderma harzianum. Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design with ten replicates was established. Watermelon seeds of the Charleston cultivar were sown in germination trays, and four doses of Trichoderma harzianum (T1: 1 g L⁻¹, T2: 1.5 g L⁻¹, T3: 2 g L⁻¹, and T4: 2.5 g L⁻¹), along with a control (0 g L⁻¹), were evaluated as treatments. The variables assessed were stem diameter, leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, root ball weight, number of leaves, stem length, robustness index, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, and root dry weight. Results: The most outstanding treatment was T1, which produced the greatest seedling growth, followed by T2, which also contributed favorably to plant quality. Limitations on study/implications: The results are limited to only four doses of Trichoderma harzianum for promoting the growth of watermelon seedlings; however, they provide valuable information for optimizing microorganism-based biostimulant doses for seedling production under greenhouse conditions. Findings/conclusions: The application of Trichoderma harzianum exhibited a growth-promoting effect on watermelon seedlings. High doses of Trichoderma harzianum (T3 and T4) showed a limited effect on growth and, in some cases, may be less effective than lower doses.
Amino acids in morpho-agronomic traits of common bean varieties under water deficit in a greenhouse
Objective: To evaluate the effect of an amino acid-based biostimulant on the growth and yield parameters of bean varieties under irrigated and drought conditions in a greenhouse. Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was used, consisting of two moisture levels (irrigation and drought), two levels of amino acid-based biostimulant application (with and without application), and three bean varieties (Azufrado Regional 87, Azufrado Reyna, and Pinto Saltillo), with four replicates. Seed yield and its components, accumulated dry weight, and phenology were evaluated. Results: Yield and its components, as well as dry biomass, were higher under irrigation than under drought conditions. Differences were observed among varieties in interaction with moisture levels and amino acid application levels. Regarding amino acids, no influence was detected on the traits evaluated under the experimental conditions of this study. Limitations on study/implications: Physiological variables related to plant responses to water deficit and amino acid application were not evaluated. In addition, agronomic management should not have included the foliar application of a fertilizer containing amino acids. Findings/conclusions: According to the analysis, amino acids had no effect on growth or yield parameters. However, drought exerted a negative effect by reducing these parameters and shortening the crop cycle. Azufrado Regional 87 showed greater stability in yield components, as did Pinto Saltillo, which outperformed the other varieties for these parameters in interaction with moisture and amino acid application levels.
Chemical Edaphic Gradients in Traditional Native Maize (Zea mays L.) Production Systems in the Lower Chinantla
Objective: Soil chemical properties directly influence soil fertility and can be modified by management practices, particularly in traditional agricultural systems. This study aimed to determine soil chemical properties and identify edaphic gradients in native maize production systems in the Lower Chinantla region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty-two soil samples were collected through participatory random sampling with producers of native Tuxpeño maize in June 2025. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and the concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined in accordance with NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 guidelines. Variability in soil chemical properties was evaluated using descriptive statistics, and edaphic gradients were identified through principal component and cluster analyses. Results: High variability was observed in organic matter, P, and Fe. Two main edaphic gradients were identified: one associated with soil fertility and another related to exchangeable bases, with Ca as the dominant variable. Study Limitations/Implications: Limitations include the absence of control over climatic, topographic, and vegetation cover variables. In addition, the form, source, and application rate of fertilizers used in previous cropping cycles may have influenced soil heterogeneity. Findings/Conclusions: The results underscore the importance of considering edaphic gradients in the management of traditional agricultural systems as a strategy to optimize soil fertility and enhance native maize productivity.
Assessment of the Relationship between NDVI and EVI and Leaf Area Index in Commercial Wheat Fields Using Sentinel-2
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), derived from satellite imagery, and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in wheat crops, in order to develop an LAI estimation model and validate its performance. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted in 16 commercial wheat fields in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, using an observational, non-experimental, multilevel design. Eight fields were sown with the durum wheat variety CIRNO C2008, and eight with the bread wheat variety Borlaug 100. LAI was measured during the booting and grain-filling stages using an AccuPAR LP-80 ceptometer. NDVI and EVI were obtained from Sentinel-2 imagery using the VICAL tool. Measurements were matched using a ±5-day time window. Data were analyzed through linear regression, Random Forest models, and linear mixed models, with performance assessed by cross-validation, R², and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error). Results: NDVI and EVI exhibited positive relationships with LAI, with moderate predictive capacity (R² = 0.33-0.41; RMSE = 1.18-1.35), and comparable accuracy between linear and machine learning models. The linear mixed models revealed that EVI explained LAI variability more consistently at the population level. Phenological stage had a significant effect, whereas variety did not exert a relevant influence. Limitations on study/implications: The study was constrained by the limited number of LAI observations per field and by heterogeneity in planting dates, agronomic management, and environmental conditions. Findings/conclusions: According to the linear mixed modeling approach, EVI showed greater consistency in explaining LAI variability at the average population level.
Autumn-Winter Bird Richness and Diversity in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Crops in Escuinapa, Sinaloa, and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development Goal fifteen
Objective: To assess the richness and diversity of bird species inhabiting mango orchards and to examine their contribution to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 of the 2030 Agenda, which is focused on biodiversity conservation. Design/methodology/approach: Linear transects of 3,000 m were surveyed with five repetitions, each separated by 500 m. Intensive sampling was conducted, and all birds seen and heard were recorded. Species identification was performed using field guides and 8 × 40 binoculars. Species richness was determined based on the cumulative number of species recorded during sampling; abundance was estimated by summing the number of individuals observed for each species; and bird diversity was calculated using the Shannon-Wiener index. Results: A total of 1,320 individual birds belonging to 60 species were recorded. This assemblage was distributed across 11 orders, 27 families, and 48 genera. Twelve species were found to be under legal protection according to the national criteria established in NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, as well as the international criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Six species were endemic to Mexico, and 17 were identified as being of conservation concern. Limitations on study/implications: The available findings are partial, as they include only the autumn and winter seasons with respect to species richness and diversity. Findings/conclusions: The environmental system associated with mango cultivation contributes to the conservation of bird diversity and, consequently, to the fulfillment of SDG 15 of the 2030 Agenda.
Organic Fertilizers and Bioinoculants as Growth Promoters in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivation
Objective: To evaluate the effect of the combined application of organic fertilizers and bioinoculants on the growth and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a sustainable alternative to intensive chemical fertilization. Design/methodology/approach: Four organic fertilizers were prepared, namely amino acids, vermicompost leachate, Bokashi, and Supermagro, and microbial inoculants of Bacillus spp. (B6, B14, B17, B18, and B21) and Trichoderma spp. (TB, TF, TJ3, TJ7, and TM) were used. Through two greenhouse experiments established under a completely randomized design, the most effective treatments were selected based on morphometric variables, identifying Bokashi, Supermagro, B14 (Bacillus cereus), and TF (Trichoderma virens) as the most promising. These treatments were subsequently evaluated under field conditions using a factorial randomized complete block design. Results: In the field experiment, the TF + Bokashi combination (T4) exhibited the highest values for number of seeds per square meter (838.86), aboveground foliar biomass (4.67 t ha⁻¹), and seed yield (3.23 t ha⁻¹), surpassing the other treatments. Significant differences were observed relative to the B14 + Bokashi and B14 + Supermagro combinations, as well as the negative control (without bioinoculant or organic fertilizer) (p ≤ 0.05). Limitations on study/implications: None. Findings/conclusions: The combined application of organic fertilizers and bioinoculants improved the growth and yield of common bean, particularly under the TF + Bokashi combination. These findings demonstrate that this strategy constitutes a viable and sustainable alternative for enhancing crop productivity and reducing reliance on conventional fertilization in Sinaloa.
Evaluation of Strawberry Fruit Quality (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and Its Response to Nutrient Solutions
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different nutrient solutions on the fruit quality of artificially pollinated strawberries grown under shade-house conditions in the Guasave Valley, Sinaloa. Design/methodology/approach: A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was established with four treatments and six replicates. The evaluated treatments were as follows: T1 = Nutrient Solution 1 (NS1) = Steiner solution; T2 = Nutrient Solution 2 (NS2) = commercial solution Vidamin-NPK 20-30-10 COMPO EXPERT®; T3 = Nutrient Solution 3 (NS3) = commercial solution Foliamin K 15-5-30 COMPO EXPERT®; and T4 = Nutrient Solution 4 (NS4) = tap water without additional nutrients. Fruit physical characteristics (weight and equatorial diameter) and physicochemical characteristics (°Brix, pH, and internal and external color) were evaluated as response variables. Results: A significant difference (p≤0.05) was observed for the physical variables, with fruits treated with NS2 and NS3 exhibiting the greatest weight (39.8 g and 36.1 g, respectively). Regarding the physicochemical characteristics, both pH and color (L, a*, C*, and H*) showed significant differences (p≤0.05). Fruits grown with NS2 exhibited a lower pH (3.3) than those under the other treatments, whose pH ranged from 3.53 to 3.6. Findings/conclusions: Concerning internal and external color, fruits fertilized with NS1 and NS2 showed greater red color saturation (a*). Overall, the results were favorable in terms of fruit quality. A limitation of this study is that it was conducted under specific shade-house conditions in a single region; nevertheless, nutrient solutions appear to constitute a viable alternative for improving strawberry fruit quality
Integrated fertilization strategies to improve agronomic parameters of common bean
Objective: To investigate the effect of biofertilizers and phosphorus rates on overall growth, biomass production, chlorophyll content and yield of common bean Azufrado Reyna under field conditions. Design/methodology/approach: Split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replicates and four treatments (three phosphorus rates and the control). Growth index, growth components, aboveground biomass and yield were evaluated. Results: The phosphorus rates influenced the growth index, growth components, aboveground biomass and yield with respect to the control; while the combination of biofertilizers positively interact with some of the parameters evaluated. Limitations on study/implications: The study only assessed the evaluation of agronomic parameters; therefore, it is convenient to quantify the performance of biofertilizers in contrasting soil conditions. Findings/conclusions: The aplication of biofertilizers with lower phosphorus rates had a positive effect on grain yield, thus reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers. Also, the dry weight of grains showed the highest correlation with grain yield.
Development of a GeoJSON-Based Tool for the Integration and Visualization of Agronomic and Cartographic Data Applied to Agricultural Irrigation Management
Objective: To develop a computational tool for the integration and visualization of agronomic and cartographic data in GeoJSON format, applied to agricultural irrigation management. Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive and applied approach was adopted through the design of a Python-based system that links spatial information in shapefile format with tabular agronomic data derived from spreadsheets. The process incorporates identifier normalization, tabular-to-spatial joining, and automated export in compliance with the RFC 7946 standard. The tool was implemented using real data from the Batequis Irrigation Module of Irrigation District 075, located in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Results: The system generated an interoperable GeoJSON file that preserved the geometric integrity of agricultural plots and the consistency of agronomic attributes. Geospatial visualization enabled the interpretation of water stress distribution at the plot level. The usability evaluation yielded an average score of 82.5 on the System Usability Scale (SUS), while the functional evaluation, based on ISO/IEC 25010, showed a compliance level of 94%. Limitations on study/implications: The tool was applied in a single irrigation module; therefore, its performance is associated with the operational and agronomic conditions of that specific context. Its application in other irrigation modules and districts is recommended in order to broaden the scope of the results. Findings/conclusions: The developed tool provides a robust technical foundation for strengthening the digitalization of irrigation services through interoperable geospatial products. The proposed solution is both viable and pertinent for enhancing the integration, visualization, and analysis of agricultural information, thereby contributing to more informed decision-making in irrigation management.
Medicinal Plants in Livestock Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Traditional Knowledge
Objective. To identify the plant species used in ethnoveterinary medicine and to document their preparation methods, routes of administration, and categories of use in animal health in the municipality of Tlahuiltepa, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an ethnobotanical and ethnoveterinary approach was conducted. Seventy-eight livestock producers were interviewed using semistructured questionnaires, complemented by field visits for the collection and identification of plant species. Common and scientific names, plant parts used, preparation methods, routes of administration, and categories of use were recorded. Data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages to identify patterns of use. Results: Twenty-two species belonging to 16 botanical families were identified, predominantly used in cattle. Leaves were the most frequently utilized plant part, infusion was the most common preparation method, and oral administration was the predominant route. The most representative categories of use were general health and gastrointestinal disorders, whereas other systems, such as the renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular systems, were addressed less frequently. Limitations/implications: The information was based on reports from local producers, which may introduce variability in dosage and observed effects. The pharmacological efficacy of the documented species was not evaluated; therefore, further research is required to validate their therapeutic properties. Findings/conclusions: Medicinal plants constitute a key resource in local ethnoveterinary practices, providing accessible and sustainable alternatives for livestock health management and underscoring the importance of traditional knowledge in animal care.
Gibberellic Acid in the Germination of “Achilito” Chili Pepper Seeds (Capsicum annuum L.)
Objective: To evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on the germination percentage of “Achilito” chili pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.). Design/methodology/approach: Seeds obtained from ripe fruits collected in Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, were disinfected using Tween 20, 70% alcohol, and distilled water. Six treatments were evaluated: T1, water at room temperature; T2, T3, T4, and T5, gibberellic acid at 10, 100, 250, and 500 mg L⁻¹, respectively; and T6, water at 80 °C for 5 min. Twenty seeds per replicate were placed in Petri dishes and incubated for 14 days. Germination was recorded daily, considering as germinated those seeds with radicles ≥ 2 mm. Germination percentage (GP) was determined for this variable. Data were analyzed under a completely randomized design using Tukey’s test (α ≤ 0.05). Mean germination time (MGT) and the percentage of dead seeds (DS) were also evaluated. Results: The best germination response of “Achilito” seeds (100%) was observed with 10 mg L⁻¹ of GA3, with an MGT of 3.27, indicating vigorous seedlings. Limitations on study/implications: The “Achilito” variety, native to Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, is highly valued in Oaxacan cuisine; however, its cultivation remains limited, which increases its market value and restricts its commercialization outside the state. This crop could represent an excellent production alternative. Findings/conclusions: The chili pepper species Capsicum annuum L. var. “Achilito” shows no evidence of genetic improvement. Gibberellic acid at a concentration of 20 mg L⁻¹ promotes 100% germination after 11 days. The use of GA3 at 500 mg L⁻¹ resulted in fungal growth.
Effectiveness of Plant Extracts in the Control of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius in Zucchini Squash
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of plant extracts in the control of Bemisia tabaci in zucchini squash. Design/methodology/approach: An open-field experiment was established in zucchini squash using a randomized complete block design with plastic mulch. The incidence of Bemisia tabaci adults, nymphs, and eggs was determined through direct monitoring on the underside of leaves treated with different plant extracts at doses of 10 mL and 3 mL. In addition, the percentage efficacy of the extracts was calculated. The incidence of silverleaf symptoms and plants exhibiting viral symptoms was assessed using a visual scale. Finally, zucchini yield was determined by weighing the fruits obtained from each treatment. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in the incidence of B. tabaci adults, nymphs, and eggs among treatments with plant extracts, with the Mixxert treatment standing out as the most effective in controlling the insect and also producing the highest fruit yield. No differences were observed among the evaluated treatments in the number of silvered leaves or plants with viral diseases. Limitations on study/implications: The use of some plant extracts affects beneficial fauna in zucchini cultivation. Findings/conclusions: The Mixxert extract was the most effective for the control of adults, nymphs, and eggs, recording the lowest incidence of B. tabaci in zucchini plants, with efficacy values of 54%, 96%, and 95%, respectively.
Quality and yield of two fig varieties(Ficus carica L.) under intensive management in greenhouse conditions
Demand for fresh and processed figs (Ficus carica L.) is increasing annually in both domestic and international markets. Mexico has the potential to become a major global producer. However, open-field cultivation poses phytosanitary and climatological control challenges; therefore, the adoption of technologies such as greenhouse production constitutes a viable alternative for increasing fig fruit yield and quality in a profitable and sustainable manner. Objective: To evaluate the performance and quality of two fig varieties under intensive management in greenhouse conditions. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment was conducted at the Higher Technological Institute of Eldorado, in Eldorado, Sinaloa, Mexico (24°19´28” N, 107°22´01” W; 11 m above sea level). The fig varieties Netzahualcoyotl and Black Mission were planted at a spacing of 1.0 m between plants and 1.80 m between rows in a greenhouse with a plastic roof, 6 m in height, and vertical walls covered with aphid-proof mesh. The crop was managed with eight stems per plant and 20 fruits per stem. The variables evaluated were yield, fruit weight, total soluble solids (°Brix), and the polar and equatorial diameters of the fruit. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the Netzahualcoyotl and Black Mission varieties for yield, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, and fruit weight. The Netzahualcoyotl variety exhibited greater polar and equatorial fruit diameters (50 and 54 mm, respectively) than the Black Mission variety (42 and 47 mm, respectively). Likewise, Netzahualcoyotl showed higher fruit weight and yield (70 g and 62 t ha⁻¹, respectively) compared with Black Mission (52 g and 46 t ha⁻¹, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the two varieties in terms of fruit total soluble solids (°Brix). Limitations on study/implications: The fig fruits used for sampling were processed as rapidly as possible due to their high perishability. Findings/conclusions: The Netzahualcoyotl variety exhibited superior yield compared to the Black Mission variety, mainly as a result of its greater polar and equatorial fruit diameters and higher fruit weight.
Microbial bioinoculants on agronomic and physiological characteristics of chiltepín, glabriusculum variety
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, applied individually and in combination under conventional and organic management, on agronomic, physiological, and microbiological variables of chiltepín cultivated under open-field conditions. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment was conducted under open-field conditions with mulch, using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replicates. The treatments consisted of individual and combined applications of Rhizophagus irregularis (BLACK RAY) and Bacillus subtilis (Bio Booster), applied via drench every 15 days at a dose of 5 mL per plant. Agronomic, physiological, and microbiological variables were assessed, including plant height, stem diameter, SPAD units, fresh and dry biomass, root length, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, and the number of spores per 100 g of soil. Results: The results revealed that the combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus subtilis under conventional management promoted the greatest accumulation of total dry biomass, as well as the highest values of spore density and mycorrhizal colonization. Plant height and stem diameter did not exhibit significant differences among treatments. Overall, treatments involving microbial consortia outperformed individual applications, particularly when integrated with conventional fertilization. Study limitations/implications: Chiltepín (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) is a wild species currently undergoing domestication, a process associated with high phenotypic and physiological variability. This condition may influence crop response to the application of microbial bioinoculants and to the management schemes evaluated, thereby limiting the uniformity of the observed responses and underscoring the importance of considering this biological characteristic when interpreting the results. Findings/conclusions: The results indicate that the combined application of microbial bioinoculants enhances root system functioning and nutrient uptake efficiency in chiltepín, thereby demonstrating the potential of microbial consortia as a biological management strategy for this crop.